FFA & Pro Golf Case study

They came from no official agency agreement – legally, an agent is someone who has authority to create legal relations between a person known as a ‘principal' (In this case Pro Golf) and others – o an official trademark agreement – which Is a contract under which the owner of a copyright (in this case Pro Golf), allows a licensee (here FAA) to use, make, or sell copies of the original brand. This changes make us understand the strong link between the companies and their willing to increase their cooperation. However, FAA decided to sub-license the trademark to another Japanese company for the aim to making more money.Issues The fact that FAA decided to sub-license the trademark in order to make margin on loyalties incited Pro Golf to end the contract. The termination of the contract by Pro Golf incited FAA to sew them for breaching of contract. Was Pro Golf entitled to terminate the contract with FAA? Rules â€Å"Contracts that do not state a set length of time for termination are presumptively â€Å"at will† and may be terminated by either party at any time. † Court's decision Considering that the contract between Pro Golf and FAA does not mention any set length, they should be entitled to end the contract whenever they want to.Pro Golf re entitled to terminate the contract with FAA. Was Pro Golf entitled to royalties received for Teeth sales? During those 6 years , Pro Golf and Facilitation evolved. They came from no official relations between a person known as a ‘principal' (in this case Pro Golf) and others – to an official trademark agreement – which is a contract under which the owner of a FAA got a new opportunity to increase its benefit through getting higher royalties by Sub-licensing the trademark to Teeth Was Pro Golf entitled to royalties received forTeeth sales? This is Just a trademark agreement, they are no agency relationship between companies. The company can use the trademark on golf soft goods in Japan freely. Application of Rules Because the two companies made a trademark agreement, FAA can use the trademark on golf soft goods in Japan freely and sub-license the contractual rights. No Agency relationship between Pro Golf and FAA was engaged but rather a written trademark agreement for FAA to use the First Flight trademark on golf soft goods. Courts in the U. S. E reluctant to impose restrictions on assigning of rights in real or personal property; FAA here has a contractual right to use the trademark on golf soft goods in Japan and can freely transfer, assign, or sub-license all or part of those contractual rights. Nothing in Fast trademark license contract with Pro Golf prohibited FAA from granting sub-licenses to others or required FAA to pass along to Pro Golf any royalties FAA might receive from such subsequences. Was Pro Golf entitled to reimbursement for its attempts to perfect trademark rights in Japan?When Pro Golf heard its attempt to register the tr ademark in Japan had not been completely successful and that third parties had obtained the right to use the trademark in Japan, they terminated the contract. The termination of the contract by Pro Golf incited FAA to sew them for breaching of contract. Pro Golf counterclaims and ask for reimbursement for damages equals to its expenditure. Was Pro Golf entitled to reimbursement for its attempts to perfect trademark rights in Japan? In Japan, the rules are different than in the United States.Third parties are able to et registration without use, in the contrary than in the USA where registration is basically synonym for legal protection of a trademark. As FAA is operating under Japanese rule, it should not be responsible to payback Pro Golf for its own failure. In Japan, unlike the U. S. , registration is the critical factor for legal protection of a trademark. Third parties were able to get registration without use, and Pro Golf apparently had to buy them off. Its failure to do so i s not the fault of FAA, nor should FAA be responsible to reimburse Pro Golf for its own failure.

Hemodialysis In Esrd Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) is defined as the irreversible loss of kidney map and can be categorized as symptomless kidney harm with mild nephritic disfunction or end-stage nephritic disease ( ESRD ) . ESRD finally consequences in decease without nephritic replacing therapy, which can be either nephritic organ transplant or dialysis. Nephritic replacing therapy as a intervention protocol identifies that, at end-stage nephritic disease, the optimum intervention is kidney organ transplant, as dialysis can non retroflex the biosynthetic and metabolic activities of the normal kidney ( Haller, Gutjahr, Kramar, Harnoncourt, & A ; Oberbauer, 2011 ) . End-stage nephritic diseases and its precursor CKD are globally emerging as a important public wellness job, with increasing morbidity and mortality every bit good as economic deductions for health care, ( Szucsa, Sandoza, & A ; Keuschb, 2004 ) . The World Health Organization 2002 estimation indicated that globally CKD contributes to over 850 000 deceases and over 15 million disability-adjusted life old ages, with epidemic rise of ESRD in multiple parts in the universe. The study notes that by 2010 more than 2 million people will necessitate care dialysis worldwide, ( WHO, 2003 ) . In St. Lucia, chronic nephritic inadequacy as a consequence of diabetes, high blood pressure, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and reaping hook cell disease are the chief grounds for get downing dialysis intervention in patients with kidney map failure. This is similar to the findings of PeroviA†¡ and JankoviA†¡ ( 2009 ) . Zelmer ( 2007 ) postulates that non merely is ESRD a chronic disease with important morbidity impact, but it besides involves high-cost intervention options. These options are frequently limited in developing states such as St. Lucia, where available options include haemodialysis or the aggressive direction of hazard factors to detain patterned advance of ESRD. Global estimations indicate that about 30 % of patients with ESRD are as a effect of diabetic nephropathy [ commendation ] . In St. Lucia, the figure is significantly higher, stand foring 41 % of the ESRD patients who have received haemodialysis for the period 2002-2009. At the terminal of that 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2009 ) mortality rate among that population was every bit high as 53 % with mean age at decease being 57 old ages. These statistical figures indicate that ESRD among diabetics is a serious wellness concern with inauspicious clinical results that straight impact quality of life while bring forthing significant medical costs. The economic force per unit areas of ESRD intervention on the corporate wellness system are good documented. Haller et Al. ( 2011 ) identifies it as resource intensifier, necessitating significant sums of finite health care financess to handle a little per centum of the population. In 2005 entirely, attention for ESRD patients in Canada represented 1.2 % of all healthcare outgo, despite an incidence of 0.092 % , ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Less than 0.06 % of St. Lucians have ESRD, yet the disease generated direct health care cost is important compared to other diseases. In 2008, the direct health care cost of ESRD was $ 2.2 million EC, about 5 % of the health care outgo, the economic weight of which was borne chiefly by the authorities. These findings indicate that the economic sciences of ESRD therapies are a little but instead expensive section within the overall health care proviso in any state. Yet cost-effectiveness surveies of the modes of intervention are few ( Haller, 2011 ) . Cost-effectiveness is the fastest turning field in wellness research and it embodies a signifier of full economic rating that looks at cost and effect of wellness programmes or intervention ( Muennig, 2008 ) . Using the definition by Palmer ( 2005 ) that states â€Å" cost-effectiveness surveies compare costs with clinical results measured in natural units, like life anticipation or old ages of diseases avoided † , Glassock ( 2010 ) noted that the entirety of costs may non needfully be captured. However, it is a utile tool with pertinence for the enconomic anlaysis of issues within the wellness system. Cost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) of intercession programmes as a valuable tool employed by decision-makers can be used to measure every bit Wellss as perchance better how the wellness system operates. Its application allows policy shapers to place which intercessions provide the highest â€Å" value for money † and help in assisting to choose intercessions and programmes that maximize wellness for the available resources. Health economic experts are able to buy the most wellness under a fixed budget, prioritising services within the wellness sector. CEA hence requires information on the extent to which current and possible intercessions improve population wellness, i.e. , effectivity and the resources required to implement the intercessions, i.e. , costs, ( Muennig, 2008 ) . The inclusion of cost agencies that the design of the survey will integrate cost-unit analysis as a tool to analyze the economic impact of the proviso of the service of dialysis for terminal phase nephritic patients with diabetes and cost effectivity to find the quality adjusted life twelvemonth ( QALYs ) or wellness related quality of life ( HRQoL ) for that population. The chief result step will concentrate on costs per quality-adjusted life old ages ( QALYs ) , similar to a survey conducted in Austria ( Haller et al. , 2011 ) . QALYs were estimated utilizing the 15D, a generic standardised instrument to mensurate wellness related quality of life, ( Sintonen, 2001 ) . Cost will be viewed from the position of direct disbursement on wellness attention for dialysis, coupled with the indirect costs of productiveness losingss due to premature decease and short- and long-run disablement. The impact of mortality costs as the amount of the discounted present value of current and future productiveness losingss from premature deceases will be measured from an incident-based human capital attack, pulling from a similar survey conducted in Canada in 2000 ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Muennig ( 2008 ) posits that because it is frequently hard to account for all cost, and the clip and resource restraints associated with micro-costing, certain premises as relates to costs are frequently made during cost-effectiveness analysis. This survey employs the usage of a authorities position to analyse the cost effectivity of dialysis for terminal phase nephritic patients with diabetes in St. Lucia. This requires that cost analysis be conducted to mensurate the repeating direct and indirect cost of supplying the service. In the part, specifically in the state under survey, wellness attention organisations seldom know the cost of the service provided and seldom employ the tools needed to measure that cost on a regular footing. In a globally runing economic society, economic tendencies have made it imperative for both net income and non-profit organisations that provide services, including authorities bureaus, to measure the cost of clinical services provided. Finance for wellness is non infinite and with significant budget cuts in the wellness service industry, there is increasing force per unit area for wellness attention installations to go more accountable and be more efficient with the financess allocated to well ness attention ( Basch, 1999 ) . Health economic sciences recognises the demand for wellness services to be provided in a mode that is non merely efficient but sustainable. Measuring, understanding and documenting the cost of services makes it easier to better cost-efficiency of these services, while foregrounding the support demands of the sector and by extension the authorities. It besides provides an chance to set up fees for clients that are based on realistic site costs. Previous surveies on cost-effectiveness of intervention options for ESRD have compared different modes of dialysis or organ transplant, [ commendation ] . The analysis of haemodialysis versus pharmaceutical direction to detain ESRD patterned advance flexible joints on the fact that the current capacity of the Renal Unit in St. Lucia can non supply dialysis for all ESRD patients. But it is rather clear that haemodialysis like pharmaceutical direction is non the optimum intervention option for ESRD as the optimum protocol is organ transplant. The wellness system in St. Lucia is mandated by its aims to better the wellness of the population and accordingly needs to guarantee that its limited resources are non devoted to expensive intercessions with little effects on population wellness, while at the same clip low cost intercessions with potentially greater benefits are non to the full implemented. While old research has been conducted to place the economic impact of the estimated health-care costs for ESRD, every bit good as the cost-effectiveness of assorted options for nephritic replacing therapies, similar surveies have non been replicated in the resource strapped Eastern Caribbean. This survey wishes to concentrate on the cost-effectiveness of haemodialysis among type 2 diabetics in St. Lucia over an 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2008 ) . Using the usage of CEA, it aims at comparing the cost and effects or results ( cost-effectiveness ) of haemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy utilizing the comparator of making nil, which in this instance is the pharmaceutical direction of patients with diabetic kidney diseases to detain patterned advance of ESRD. This is particularly relevant to the wellness system in St. Lucia, as concerns on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its rate of addition, and the determination to spread out the service to two new installations in the absenc e of research requires that a better apprehension of the range and magnitude of the entire economic load of ESRD and the cost effectivity of dialysis intervention for diabetics with ESRD. The findings will assist to inform those doing policy determinations, and may be utile in set uping a set of precedences for farther research, bar plans, and in the planning of alternate interventions to assist relieve that load.MethodologyThis survey uses a retrospective attack to data aggregation. The survey population was selected from the lone public Renal Unit which forms portion of the general infirmary, Victoria infirmary. While there is another Nephritic Unit of measurement in St. Lucia that offers dialysis, it is a portion of the private infirmary which did non wish to take part in this survey. The survey population comprised ESRD patients with diabetic kidney diseases. Patients were considered depending on whether they received haemodialysis or whose diabetes was being pharmaceutically ma naged to detain ESRD patterned advance. Of the 111 patients on dialysis, 45 were due to diabetic kidney disease and 21 were actively having organ transplant at the clip the survey was being conducted. The nephrologists identified 12 ESRD patients who were non having dialysis but were being managed pharmaceutically. All diabetics who are or have been on dialysis with end-stage nephritic disease for the period 2002-2009 and were having dialysis due to diabetic kidney diseases were included in the survey. Persons were excluded from this survey if they were on dialysis prior to being diagnosed with diabetes. The comparator group differs from the haemodialysis group merely in the signifier of intervention that they are having, dwelling of all patients with ESRD due to diabetic kidney diseases who are non having dialysis but whose diabetes is sharply managed with medicine to detain ESRD patterned advance. Chronic conditions such as ESRD require uninterrupted intervention and as a effect a cost-effectiveness of intervention options over a period of clip for a cohort of patients, employs the usage of the Markov theoretical account to look into long term costs and results. The Markov theoretical account developed for this survey describes the procedure of attention observing that patients were assigned or began their patterned advance through the theoretical account in either of two provinces, hospital haemodialysis or pharmaceutical direction of type 2 diabetes to detain ESRD patterned advance, and decease signifies the terminal of the rhythm. A systematic literature reappraisal was conducted of peer-reviewed economic ratings of dialysis intervention modes among diabetic patients. Ebscohost and PubMed were searched utilizing the keywords cost-effectiveness, dialysis, end-stage nephritic disease and diabetic kidney disease and was limited to articles published in the last 12 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) , some articles, if they fell out of the selected old ages of publication were accepted based on the strength of their findings. The inclusion standards identified articles that included the keywords in the capable headers every bit good as the usage of Renal Replacement Therapy/economics, Renal Dialysis/economics, Hemodialysis Units, or Kidney Failure. If they included the term peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis they were besides included. Exclusion standards of articles were identified as non-English articles and those that did non compare intervention options. More than 500 articles were identified but 31 were selected for ma nual reappraisal. Data on wellness attention costs, passage to other wellness provinces and quality of life were imputed into the Markov theoretical account. Data was obtained from the Renal Unit at the Victoria Hospital, the public wellness installation. Data on quality of life was obtained utilizing the 15D, a multidimensional, standardised generic instrument to mensurate quality or health-related quality of life ( Sintonen, 2001 ) . The 15D was used since it combines the advantages of a profile and individual index mark step that describes the wellness position by measuring 15 dimensions. The mean mark value for each dimension was used to find the wellness related quality of life in the survey population. The usage of the 15D used to mensurate quality of life result was reported in QALYs, a step of the load of disease that included the quality and measure of life lived against a pecuniary value, medical intervention or intercession. The mean mark value for each dimension measured by the 15D was used to find the wellness related quality of life of the survey population utilizing the graduated table provided by Sintonen ( 2001 ) . The findings were standardized against the load of disease markers identified by the WHO ( Ref ) . Other variables were considered in the survey and a standard questionnaire was administered to the survey population to obtain informations on the socio-economic position of individuals within the survey population. The socio-demographic questionnaire was tested against a pool of eight individuals from those who are on dialysis for grounds other than diabetic nephropathy and who were as similar to the survey population in footings of gender, instruction, socio-economic position and geographic location. Contented analysis was used to measure the information obtained from the socio-demographic questionnaire. All survey participants were provided with a missive refering namelessness and confidentiality and informed consent was obtained prior to engagement. Ethical blessing was obtained from the IRB at St. George ‘s University and the moralss commission of the Ministry of Health in St. Lucia.CostssCost-effectiveness was examined from a governmental position utilizing the clinical records of the Division of Nephrology patient enrollment and charge systems at the Victoria Hospital coupled with information from published surveies on endurance and quality of life among diabetic nephropathy patients. The theoretical account used included the direct wellness service costs associated with the intervention options, and an one-year cost per patient was calculated for each wellness province in the theoretical account. Direct health care costs associated with dialysis usage included bing regular dialysis Sessionss, complications of the dialysis, such as curdling of the fistulous withers or hypo tension episodes, research lab trials and services required as a effect of dialysis and medicine usage as a consequence of intervention. Premises were made on the regularity of direct health care cost associated with dialysis, such as regularity of research lab testing and blood transfusions. Micro-costing, roll uping informations on staffing, consumables, capital, and operating expenses were used to find the cost of one session of haemodialysis ( Table 1 ) . Structured interviews were used to obtain inside informations sing staff clip allocated to dialysis activities, every bit good as the regularity of other services used as a consequence of the intervention options. The survey identified capital points as the edifice infinite allotted to the Unit for intervention, and equipment such as the dialysis machines and air conditioner unit. Costss have been reported in Eastern Caribbean Dollars ( EC ) presented at the 2008 degree and an tantamount one-year cost calculated utilizing a 3 p er centum price reduction rate over the predicted life span. Muennig ( 2008 ) argues that a governmental position can include some facets of transportantion costs. Evidence from the Minstry of Communication and Works and the conveyance board imply that there is no nationally agreed policy for conveyance costs. There are fluctuations across St. Lucia in footings of milage, hence for the intents of our analysis, conveyance costs are excluded. The survey reviewed costs over an 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2009 ) . This clip frame was partially determined by the handiness of the informations two old ages after the programme was initiated and the premises made with mention to the analysis were tabulated ( Table 2 ) . Incremental costs per QALY gained were calculated by utilizing the estimations of costs and QALYs for each of the two modes obtained from the theoretical account, and the findings were presented as incremental costs per QALY. A one-way sensitiveness analysis was used to look into variableness in the information, changing the price reduction rate from 3 % to 5 % the age weights and disablement weights. A concluding sensitiveness analysis of mortality rates was besides conducted since the premise was that the mortality rates for haemodialysis were the same as those of pharmaceutical direction of ESRD diabetics.Consequences[ Presentation of Results†¦ ]Discussion[ Discussion of Results and deductions†¦ ] Locke ( 1987 ) is a advocate of the position that all surveies have built-in restrictions and boundary line. Primary and secondary information was used in this survey. Jankowich ( 2005 ) warns of the restrictions of the usage of secondary informations, as the methodological analysis used in garnering secondary informations has come into inquiry. The survey was limited by the truth and quality of the informations, which Basch ( 1999 ) argues is a repeating job in developing states. The questionnaire as a tool for garnering information airss some disadvantages, as it does non supply an chance for inquiries to be clarified or to verify that replies are understood or that all inquiries are answered. In add-on it means that the individuals being surveyed must hold the pre-requisite literacy accomplishments. This restriction was minimized by pre-testing the socio-demographic questionnaire was tested against a pool of eight individuals from those who were on dialysis for grounds other than diabetic nephropathy and who were as similar to the survey population in footings of gender, instruction, socio-economic position and geographic location, ( Table 2 ) . Another restriction to the survey was the inability to prove the 15D questionnaire as it could non be altered to be more specific. Low response rate every bit good as non-response prejudice for the questionnaire may significantly skew the information as the survey population is so little. Jankowicz ( 2005 ) argues that coaction is maximized when respondents are in some sense rewarded for cooperation and that these wagess outweigh the cost in footings of money and attempt. To accomplish this, respondents were shown that their information was valued and the construction of the questionnaire would necessitate really small in footings of clip and attempt. The absence of other surveies that compared the intervention modes used in this survey serves as a restriction of this paper, but it remains the lone feasible comparator that was available to the research worker. There are restrictions and troubles in any effort to cipher the average cost of a dialysis session, particularly in public installations where cost is subsidized ( commendation? ) , as every aspect of attention and cost associated with the session must be taken into consideration. Consequently premises were made on cost for direct and indirect services related to intervention options compared in this survey, ( Muennig, 2008 ) . Premises are justified as this is a non-funded research with clip restraints and a demand to cut down cost drivers. The survey was besides limited in its position as it could non show on national costs from a social position such as the patient ‘s ability to work or the chance costs. The strength of the survey lies in the usage of triangulation to garner and analyze informations to determine their common decision, effectivity based on costs and QALYs. Decrop ( 1999 ) concurs that one of the chief ways to avoid the combative issue of cogency and dependability is the usage of triangulation. He defines triangulation as â€Å" looking at the same phenomenon, or research inquiry from more than one information beginning † ( p158 ) . Information coming from different angles can be utilised to confirm, lucubrate or clear up the research inquiry. Denzin ( 1978 ) besides claims that triangulation bounds personal and methodological prejudice every bit good as enhances the survey ‘s generalizability. The usage of the Markov theoretical account is an built-in strength of the survey. Gonzalez-Perez, Vale, Stearns, and Wordsworth ( 2005 ) argue that the theoretical account ‘s ability to predict comparative effectivity and cost overtime makes it appropriate for patterning chronic intervention options such as RRT. The usage of cost-effectiveness to find QALYs is advantage and the usage of a standardised instrument to mensurate QALY besides strengthens the survey. The 15D is recognised as by and large being a little measuring load to both respondents and research workers. As an rating tool it is extremely dependable due to its repeatability of measurings with minimized random mistake. The consequences generated are valid because of the grade of assurance that research workers can put on the illations that are drawn from the tonss. Sintonen ( 2001 ) posits that as an instrument to mensurate cost-effectiveness, it is peculiarly suited for ciphering quality-adjusted life old ages ( QALY ) . Choice prejudice is limited in this survey due to recruiting of the full mark population. This is the first survey of its sort in the part and it does non hold any concern associations, an built-in strength to this survey. It is able to function as a precursor to farther research and therefore is poised to assist steer policies on how cost-effectiveness surveies are done in the part and their application to decision-making in health care. The enlargement of haemodialysis to run into the turning ESRD population, and an increased incidence of diabetic kidney disease in St. Lucia has deductions for the findings of this survey. It is of import that focal point is directed at primary, secondary and third intercessions aimed at cut downing cost of diabetic attention and accordingly complications from diabetes, such as diabetic kidney disease. Primary intercessions are the most cost-efficient. Health publicities to cut down hazard of developing diabetes, which is a hazard factor for ESRD, needs to go portion of the authorization of the Ministry of wellness. A policy on Chronic Diseases developed within the primary health care program that presently exist, would assist steer that focal point. Mann et Al. ( 2010 ) argue cautiousness against population based testing for CKD, and recommend that testing, as a secondary intercession, should concentrate on at hazard populations. Their survey concluded that ‘targeted showing of people with diabetes is associated with an acceptable cost per QALY in publically funded health care systems ‘ . Such an attack can be adopted in the wellness system in St. Lucia. While the bulk of cost-effectiveness analysis of intervention modes for diabetic nephropathy focal points on the disease at its latent or progressed phase, Glassock ( 2010 ) noted that a survey by Gearde et Al. ( 2008 ) identified that early sensing of diabetic kidney disease and intensive pharmaceutical intercessions are non merely cost effectual but significantly reduces the hazard of ESRD among type 2 diabetics. These findings are replicated in a survey by Keane and Lyle ( 2003 ) and Szucs et Al. ( 2004 ) who found that Losartan reduced the incidence of ESRD among diabetics. They went on to reason that albuminuria which is the ‘single most powerful forecaster ‘ of in type 2 diabetes is a simple and cheap showing trial, and early sensing can take to the early disposal of drugs that have been proven to cut down ESRD incidence. Cost-effectiveness analysis is able to supply valuable penetration to prioritising within health care and so the findings of this survey is able to supply grounds to back up efficiency in the usage of limited resources. Policy-makers should utilize these findings to reexamine the determination to spread out the figure of haemodialysis centres in St. Lucia. Further research to place more cost-efficient intervention options would be the first measure to bettering efficiency of resource allotment. The domination of haemodialysis as a intervention mode for ESRD, despite the overplus of surveies that have identified it as the least cost-efficient of RRTs, ( Haller et al. , 2011 ; Just et al. , 2008, Kontodimopoulos & A ; Niakas, 2008 ) , provides the wellness sector, with the grounds needed to revise intervention protocols and an chance to improved cost-effectiveness of ESRD intervention. This can be achieved by significantly cut downing the usage of haemodialysis and introducing as an option, peritoneal dialysis which have been cited as being the most effectual of dialysis options. Just et al. cautiousness that the economic sciences of dialysis in the underdeveloped universe, where labor may be cheaper than the importing of equipment and solutions, may take to the perceptual experience that peritoneal dialysis is more expensive than haemodialysis. They go on to observe that this is non conclusive as there is a famine in economic ratings in developing states to confirm that posi tion. A good developed CKD Care Program is able to significantly cut down the chance of developing ESRD among at hazard populations, every bit good as significantly lower health care costs among ESRD patients, ( Wei et al. , 2010 ) . There is a demand to spread out the services offered by the Renal Unit every bit good as its coverage to assist accomplish that terminal.Decision[ Conclusion based on findings ]

Repulse travel Pharmaceuticals Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Repulse travel Pharmaceuticals - Coursework Example In order to find out the profitability of the product the Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) accumulated from the product needs to be calculated. Based on the financial data estimates the EBIT of the product is calculated. However the calculation of EBIT, the depreciation was also needed to be calculated on a straight line basis based on the formula: Depreciation= (Historical cost- Residual value)/ Life of the Asset (Gupta, & Sharma, n. d, p.376) In order to calculate the EBIT, the sales value was considered and the total amount of fixed cost and variable cost was subtracted to get the ultimate results (Correia, et al, 2007, p.3-4). Based on the calculation shown in Appendix 2 the company will reap a profit of ?185,000 annually from the launch of the new product. However the figures of sales are based on assumption. The change in market condition and the rise of competitor in the market however can cause a variability in the sales which has not been considered in the calculation of the EBIT or the operating profit of the product. After the profitability of the project is considered, a look at the total cash flow using the undiscounted method is taken into consideration. For the calculation of the cash flow, the difference of the cash inflow and the cash outflow is considered. An assumption has been made in the calculation of the cash flow as the cash inflows are taken to be constant for the five years. Total cash flow is calculated based on the formula of Total cash flow = Total of cash inflow – Cash outflow. (Ahmed & Meehan, 2011, p.599) The calculation done on Appendix 3 shows that the total cash flow of the company is ?475000 However the undiscounted method for cash flow evaluation does not provide a true picture as the future value of the money... The research analyzes the feasibility of the new product to be launched by Repulse Travel Pharmaceutical. During the analysis, the data have been taken based on the estimate of the research. The financial parameters which have been taken into consideration are the payback period, Net Present Value analysis, and Sensitivity analysis. The result of the payback period reveals that the product will take a period of 3.5 years to generate the total amount invested by the organization in its implementation. Considering the total lifetime of the project to be 5 years as decided by the company, the time period of 3.5 years seems predominantly long. However further studies were conducted and the result of the discounted cash flow analysis, involving NPV suggested that the project has a positive result and is quite viable to be implemented. In the sensitivity analysis factors of demand and the selling price was manipulated to observe the change in NPV under each case. The results show that the decrease in demand or the selling price of the product will put the product in danger. However it is suggested that the organization can implement the product if they can maintain a constant demand of the product and they should be specific in not decreasing the unit selling price below 10 percent from the original value of 7, as found in the sensitivity analysis. Further the organization must consider a thorough market analysis to understand how the product will perform in the market after a comparative analysis of the competitors.

Assignment 11 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

11 - Assignment Example This formal way of conducting business was adopted from the west as the Japanese were culturally a social group (Yukichi). Other people are seen to be walking into the restaurant, all dressed in similar fashion, long robes all trying to appear as though formal. There are people on the street all possessing the same artier and the same inferences can be drawn from the same. There are people who seem to be raising the flag. This shows that the Japanese are acquiring order and structure in their activities as raising the flag symbolizes the presence of a hierarchy which is adhered to. This too was gotten from the westerners who believed in order and conducting their affairs in a proper manner (Yukichi). This is in response to Fukuzawa Yukuchi’s urging to the Japanese people that they should pursue civilization and enlightenment i.e. western civilization. Together with other scholars, they advocated for the Japanese to mirror the westernized way of tasting, eating meat, wearing of western-style clothing and the dropping of Chinese customs that the westerners found odd. There are other people who seem to be soaring in the air. We garner an aspect of entertainment. The Japanese have finally let their guard down thanks to westernization because the Japanese are principally a reserved people (Yukichi). According to Lim Zexu, Queen Victoria should halt the opium trade because she has witnessed firsthand how the drug destroys its users and particularly in her own country. The letter to her says that Opium in her own country is prohibited because of the danger it poses to its users. Lim states that based on this reason alone, the Queen should not condone the trade in Opium, and should prescribe severe punishment to anyone who is found engaging in the said trade (Zexu). The Queen on stopping Opium trade will have the support of Heaven as it crown’s her with felicity, getting the blessing of long life and the security and stability of her descendants. Lim is

Biocentric Egalitarianism and Land Ethic Term Paper

Biocentric Egalitarianism and Land Ethic - Term Paper Example Biocentric egalitarianism advocates for the respect of non-human beings based on moral principles and values. These views reflect similar arguments that humans depend on nature to survive and thus the earth would be a better place without humans (Jonge 23). However, a critical analysis suggests that the moral duty to respect nature can conflict other moral duties. Kantian Moral Philosophy One example where duty to respect can conflict other moral duties is the application of Kant’s theory about animal rights. Kantian moral philosophy asserts that animals are mere instruments, which may be used for human purpose (Korsgaard 3). According Korsgaard, Kant’s point of view about legal rights is not to protect human interests, but to enable each citizen to act justly and for what is good. Kant’s moral philosophy underlines that non-rational animals lack the kind of freedom that rights protect. In particular, it is because human beings are rational beings that they are a ble to choose how they want to live (5). However, Kant’s philosophy extends the rights held by human beings to include property rights. According to Kant we have the moral obligation to claim property including animals, and the legal status of such animals is the direct correlate of their moral status as mere means (instruments) (5). Further, according to Kant, we have no moral duty to animals. In contrast, biocentrism upholds the need to make moral consideration towards non-human species. From this perspective, the conflict between Kant’s moral philosophy and the duty to respect nature as maintained by non-anthropocentric ethical position remains apparent with regard to animal rights. To resolve the conflict between Kant’s theory and biocentrism regarding animal rights, it is important to address the interpretation problems associated with the humanity formula. This is especially because faced with such a situation would require one to decide to follow the huma nity formulary as applied by Kant or to stick with the rationality formulary defined in biocentrism. Libertarianism Another example of a conflict between non-anthropocentric ethical position about duty to respect nature and other moral duties is the issue of ‘forest justice’ as seen in the lenses of libertarianism. According to libertarianism, forests and indeed biodiversity, has value only to the extent that it contributes to the expansion of individual freedom (Holsinka 3). The ‘forest justice’ can be illustrated by attempts by governments to transfer property rights to local communities to enable them benefit from forest resources. In anthropocentric ethical philosophy, human beings are viewed as separate identities based on self-interest and altruistic humanism. According to Kopnina, anthropocentrism grants intrinsic value to human beings. On the other hand, biocentrism emphasizes on the intrinsic value for ecosystems including humans, plant and animal species. This disconnect represents a broader inconsistency within the fields of environmental conservation. The main concern is that support for environmental conservation appears to be motivated by utilitarian and instrumental ethics. Just like biodiversity, we place value on forests because we think we might need it, we like it or we ought to. Non-anthropocentric ethical position would emphasize on the instrumental value of forests-that

Critically analyse three different stylistic usages of English 1.The Essay

Critically analyse three different stylistic usages of English 1.The language of Poetry, 2.Journalese, 3.The language of Adverti - Essay Example Grammatical devices make ads closer to the audience, translating them from written into oral manner. In other words, written ads should be memorable for the audience as if they heard them every day. Grammatical simplicity (Example 4) and easy perception of ads is the right way to gain a wider audience (Bovee & Arens, 2006). Moreover, definite articles play an important semantic role in ads. They are widely used in ads and create ‘particularity of reference’ (Example 5). Of course, the usage of specific grammatical devices is not enough to reach success in advertising. Creative writing, such as usage of puns, polysemy, alliteration, metaphors etc is an integral part of a successful ad. For example, The flavour of a Quaver is never known to waver- rhyming American Home has an edifice complex- pun The more we progress, the better you advance- pun (Bovee & Arens, 2006). Aurally, the audience is attracted and thus memorizes ads. As a result, a vivid language of advertising ca n be also met in other social spheres of life. Political leaders use some methods of language of advertising in their promotional campaigns; journalists try to draw attention of the readers to their articles by the usage of creative writing and a high level of communication. Still, there are numerous techniques used by advertisers, but all of them are directed on showing perfectness and superiority of the advertised product. For example, the usage of ‘the weasel claim’ is directed on showing the audience superiority of the product. As it is known, â€Å"a weasel word is a modifier that practically negates the claim that follows. The expression "weasel word" is aptly named after the egg-eating habits of weasels†. This technique copies a weasel behavior inside an egg. It sucks out an egg from inside and casual observers can’t find anything inside. Therefore, â€Å"words or claims that appear substantial upon first look but disintegrate into hollow meaningle ssness on analysis are weasels† (Example 6). Another apt technique used to show the superiority of an advertised product is to use ‘we are different and unique’ claim. This technique is the most known to the audience (Example 7). The uniqueness of the product is communicated to the audience by the usage of word combinations, such as ‘there is nothing else like†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, ‘there is no other†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and words ‘unique’, ‘extraordinary’, ‘different’ etc (Schrank). Therefore, language of advertising can be named a language of ‘public-colloquial discourse’, as it is stated by Leech. If to summarize stylistic devices used in advertising, we can create ad phrase: employ creativity and reach perfectibility. The language of poetry The language of poetry is a interesting stylistic phenomenon. On the one hand, this literature genre is used to entertain and amuse readers, but on the other hand, poetry transfers through its form deep emotional senses. Poetic texts are created for pleasure and amusement, for thinking and joy. A great arsenal of stylistic devices is the right way for embodiment of poetic images. Therefore, such devices as inversion (‘Yet know I how the heather looks’, Emily Diskinson from Collected Poems), repetition (‘IT tossed and tossed’, Ibid.) parallelism (‘Are her voice, and her hair, and eyes, and the dear red curve of her lips’ from Appendix II) are widely used. A poem â€Å"

A Problem in a Real Organization in Kuwait Research Paper

A Problem in a Real Organization in Kuwait - Research Paper Example While social networks bloom globally and although it there is increased percentile of companies engaged in internet development, the technology experts in Kuwait were yet at that time evaluating the value of available ICT in the region (Li, Chau, & Lou, 2005; pp. 102-126). The study showed that on the use of IM application, which is one of the easiest ways for real-time instant messaging for Kuwaiti, proved that IM subscribers development, it to satisfy curiosity and to generate online friends (Li, Chau, & Lou, 2005; pp. 102-126). The internet connectivity was not immediately optimized as tool for business operation to hasten inter-departmental communication for ecology-friendly working places; for accessing more opportunities offshore; and for optimizing it for business transparency of companies to gain market credibility (Li, Chau, & Lou, 2005; pp. 102-126). In response to these challenges, the Kuwaiti academies have developed curriculum that teaches students about the multifarious use of information technology. Such strategically educated human resource about the relevance of ICT not only for instant message to gather friends and for curiosity, but also taught them how information superhighway developed convergence of people for intelligible utilization with user-friendly tools for coversion, interpretation, and integration of information., selection, conversion and interpretation facilities (Buabbas, 2006, pp. 1-18). Kuwaiti libraries were also developed for online and ICT instruction and research (Rogers, 2007, pp. 366-78).  

For patients in a home setting with wounds, does use of tap water to Research Proposal

For patients in a home setting with wounds, does use of tap water to cleanse wound affect rate of infection and healing compared to use of normal saline to cleanse wounds in a month period - Research Proposal Example Presently, this process has an initial integrated into the patients’ healthcare plan as opposed to previously when its application was because of an infection. Since the process was officially under inauguration, it has undergone several alterations that aid the science transferred to the bedside to aid in the healing intervention. The process use an acronym (TIME) which stands for tissue management, infection and inflammation, moisture control and balance and the final step is epithelial advancement. This process advances the art of wound healing without deviating from the base principles of moisture control, debridement and bacterial control. This framework is not a continuum and therefore is applicable in a large number of wounds (Fleisher & Ludwig, 2010). This framework is only applicable if the level of intervention is as thorough as the level of the assessment following it. The assessment helps identify how the wound is affecting the individual, cause of the wound and the effects of the individual on the wound. This aids in the determination of the healing process happening and the appropriate way to manage the wound. This process is also essential as the nurse in charge needs to collect data on how the wound’s management. The first step is debridement, which is a practice on empirical observation. Although this method has no proof of expediting healing, it is a clinical advice since it helps in striking a balance in the wound’s bio burden. After a wound, the body produces hormones and body enzymes form a corrosive compound on the surface of the wound. The control to this is simply making sure that a moisture balance is in place. Dressing and elevating it helps in minimizing this exudate therefore giving the wound an atmosphere for healing (Kifer, 2012). The most important step in wound healing, is balancing the bacteria on the wound. A wound contains microorganisms and tissue debris and this can delay healing. Pathogens

Enlish Methods Of Writing For Junior Cert Essay Example for Free

Enlish Methods Of Writing For Junior Cert Essay Junior Cert English Functional Writing Introduction and Overview The Functional Writing section of Paper I asks the student, in as close as possible, to write in the style of somebody who either uses language for a living, or is conducting business or important matters through writing or speech. This part of Paper I strays away from fiction, but is not entirely devoid of opportunities to use language in a creative or dramatic fashion. In some cases the student may have to use their imagination to provide detail to make their work seem realistic and give it the authentic feel. The marks in Functional Writing are given for the knowledge of the style and tone required for the task, and for the understanding of the format required. Awareness of Audience and Task In all cases in this section, your choice of language, and your use of tone and register will be dictated to you by  · The intended recipient and/or audience.  · Your means of delivery. In short, you can either use a formal or informal style of address. You should take into account the age, status, and size of the audience you are dealing with. Your language should always be trying to create the appropriate impression of both who you are and what youre trying to do. For example, you would use a formal style of address if you were writing a letter to your bank manager asking for a loan to start your own business. Your language would be confident, but not aggressive: informative, but not laboriously so: enthusiastic but not overzealous. The impression created on the bank manager is that you are reliable, competent and trustworthy, and your business will be a huge success. For your own entertainment you might want to write the worst possible letter of application for the same loan- you would be over-familiar, disrespectful, vague, repetitive, and riddled with inaccuracies about yourself and what you want to do. You can then guess what response this would get from the same bank manager going through their morning mail. This then is the key to Functional writing; awareness of the tone you are to take, and the choice of language to use to reinforce that tone. An example of a task that you would be asked to complete with an informal style is to imagine that you have been asked by a club that you are involved with to make a presentation to a class of twelve year old primary school children to encourage them to join. You would be presenting this verbally, so when you would prepare your material beforehand, you would stress key information on several occasions, to avoid having the same basic question repeated infinitely. As your audience would be unlikely to have firsthand experience of what you are taking about, you would use the simplest language possible, and use short, sequential, informative language. You would also use an informal tone, as you would want your audience to think your group would be welcoming and fun, not preoccupied with taking everything too seriously. Here is an example of a completely made-up extract from my very busy diary. Consider the language and tone I would use for each of the following tasks in just one day: 10:00 Book holiday tickets over phone from travel agency. 11:00 Complete and edit report for Boss on efficiency of new sys. 12:00 Address fundraising lunch for Kidney Dialysis unit for Childrens Hospital. 2:00 Write congratulations card for birth of secretarys daughters first child. 3:00 Deliver presentation to investors on Company performance. 4:00 Talk to business journalist about new product range. 6:00 Attend parent-teacher meeting at sons new school. 8:00 Coach under 12 team introduce new training drills. 10:00 Convince very unsympathetic wife that Ive had a long day. At both 12:00 and 3:00 I will be addressing a group of businesspeople. However, there are differences. People will not want to be overly serious at lunch, so I will be able to use a respectful but informal tone. I may even be able to use language that will influence my audience emotionally. However, at 3:00 I will have to be very formal and very structured in my use of language and terminology for the business meeting. Look at the way my 11:00 task is written. Will I get away with that use of shorthand and slang in the report itself? Of course not; what is acceptable as a note for your own use is not acceptable for a report for someone elses reading. Will it be easier to present information to my 3:00 or 8:00 appointment? In the afternoon everybody will be fresh. Will they be as sharp in the evening? Should my card for my secretarys daughter be written with the same tone and language as my report for my employer? All of these questions are central to the idea of functional writing. Make sure what you are doing is appropriate to your task and your audience. Reports. A report can be written for a newspaper, radio programme, or television broadcast. No matter whether its to be read or spoken, start with the most important details first. You should deal with the following sequence of facts; 1) what has happened; 2) how it happened; 3) why it happened. The first section, what, will also include where, who and when. A report doesnt only have to include the facts, it can also include opinions, in the form of quotations from the relevant experts and authorities, and also some degree of speculation as to what will happen next, and what consequences there will be. Unlike a review, the writer is there to convey the truth and facts of the matter. They are to be unbiased, non-judgemental, and let the facts speak for themselves. A good reporter will trust their audience to make up its mind in the right way once it has all the facts. The Tabloid Unlike the Broadsheet, the Tabloid newspaper makes no bones about  choosing sides in a story, and actively tries to persuade its readers to share its opinion. They very much like to take a light hearted approach to news material if at all possible, and frequently use puns in headlines. They also avoid putting in too many views or opinions on any given subject. They like first-hand accounts from people involved in making the news, and will avoid analysis, as they prefer to be very direct in their focus on the story. The tabloid journalist likes to gain an emotional response from their reader, and will not shy away from showing where their sympathies lie in any given story. They will sometimes choose to present deliberately one-sided reports on what may sometimes be very complicated issues. They like stories that involve celebrities or famous people, and avoid serious treatment of political or economic issues as much as possible. They thrive on scandal, and what they believe is the publics insatiable appetite to see what goes on behind closed doors. Tabloids pride themselves on their extremely in-depth sports coverage. The average reading age (age at which a reader would be expected to understand all contents without difficulty) for a Tabloid newspaper is just nine years. Tabloids like simple and short sentences. They use puns and wordplay to highlight and make memorable the key thrust of their story. They avoid using complicated terminology, and long sentences. They also highlight key-points by having several sub-captions to stories, and by using several illustrations to put across the message visually as well. Tabloids have always been traditionally strong on visual information and colour pictures. In recent years tabloids have abandoned over-reliance on the page-three girl feature as they are trying to encourage more women readers. The Broadsheet A broadsheet newspaper is characterised, not only by its large size, but by the attitude it takes towards journalism, and the presentation of news stories. Primarily, a broadsheet will focus on political, economic and lifestyle features. It will present its main stories in a very in-depth and detailed format. They will take a very serious tone with the reader, and will avoid anything that might seem to be trivialising an issue, for example, a pun in a headline. They prefer a serious, sombre, and often  complex approach to news-stories. Broadsheet newspapers examine not only what happened, but how it happened, why it happened, if it happens frequently, what can be done about it, and they will also mention when similar events occurred. They like to find many individuals related to the event, and experts to give quotations and opinions on what has happened. The broadsheet journalist likes to appear impartial and unbiased, and avoids any sense that their emotions might be affecting what they write in any way. They like to convey the impression that they give you the whole truth. Some broadsheet newspapers are physically huge. The average reading age (level of difficulty) for reading a broadsheet and understanding everything in it would be fourteen years, which means you would be able to follow everything. Broadsheets are only now beginning to embrace the possibilities for the use of colour in their papers. Traditionally they have been very black and white affairs, but are increasing the amount of photographs they publish. Reviews. The art of the reviewer is to give the reader just enough a suggestion of what it is youre talking about, just enough to whet their appetite. If you check a Sunday newspaper, you can find reviews of motorcars, concerts, films, restaurants, even hotels! Nothing is too small, or too large to avoid being reviewed. You could be required to write a review of a favourite film of yours, or to write a blurb for the back of a novel. Unlike a report, which is essentially factual, a review gives you far more scope to let your opinions and feelings known. You can say what you liked or disliked about what youre reviewing, and that is almost important as a factual description of what youre reviewing. You can create either a very positive or negative impression on your reader by the tone and language you use. You should assume that your reader has a general interest in the area, but may not be familiar with exactly what youre going to tell them about. It is easy to criticise something, and often after saying how bad something is, you will find yourself repeating your verdict without informing the reader of why, how or what was bad about it. If you are still looking to fill space, try constructive criticism. Any reviewer can pronounce whether something is good or bad; only the inspired reviewer can point out what was done well, and conversely, what opportunities were lost. For example, if you are reviewing the sitcom Friends, then you should fill in the background first for the reader. It is advisable to go into some detail about the characters, and then finally to attempt some analysis of why it is you like or dislike it. Interviews. Q: Whats the difference between an interview and writing dialogue? A: Interviews are essentially pieces of dialogue, but without the qualifying he saids / she saids at the end of each piece of speech. The different parts of the conversation can be put as question and answer exchanges (Q: and A:), or if it is a more informal interview which is very similar to a conversation, then you can call yourself Interviewer, but refer to your subject by their Surname. Keep your questions short, and let your interviewee expand on them. Q: What are the things I should try to do, and what are the most common problems? A: A bad question to ask is anything that would encourage your interviewee to give a monosyllabic answer, of the yes/no variety. A good question is one which gives the interviewee a chance to illustrate with examples from their life, work, or to ponder on events important to their work, lives, and past or future. A good interviewer gets to the point quickly, and their questions will never be longer than the answers they receive. I once interviewed Seamus Heaney while in college, and committed all of the above mistakes. The Sample Answer below I have had to invent to cover my embarrassment! As well as bearing in mind your interviewee, bear in mind the audience who will be reading this interview. You want something  that is informative, but not technical, and which allows the person or subject to come across well to the reader. There was a fashion recently in newspapers for interviews in which you discovered more about the interviewer than the interviewee, but thankfully, this has now passed. Q: So, I basically just make the entire thing up then? But how do I structure it? A: If you are stuck as to where to start, pick an example of an interviewee who would be appropriate, and write out the list of questions you would like to ask them. Then all you need to do is invent their answers, going by what you know of them. If youre still stuck, then ask what theyre doing now, what they were doing previously, and what they hope to be doing in six months time. You can also ask if they have achieved all they want to do, or if they think other peoples impressions of them are important. Bear in mind though that your questions will ultimately depend on who the intended audience for the interview is. If they are your age, then ask questions you think your friends would like to know the answers to. Within reason, of course. Speech Writing The skill of speech writing could be relevant to Personal Writing or Functional Writing. How to write, deliver and appreciate a good speech. The key to writing and delivering a good speech is to remember at all times that the speaker is dealing with an audience. The writer/speaker must also bear in mind at what occasion the speech is to be delivered. A speech to be given at an EGM of a company faced with bankruptcy will be drastically different in its structure, tone, and technique than a speech to be given by the same speaker at a wedding later that week! How to write a speech. (For this section, we will consider a speech as that which a speaker would be called upon to prepare for a debate, or public speaking competition.) First, read your motion carefully. In the Junior Certificate, you will be invited to speak either for or against the topic. In deciding whether to speak for or against the motion, dont necessarily choose the side of the motion which  you support; choose instead the side of the argument that will give you the most arguments to use in your speech. A good idea is to brainstorm all the possible arguments both for and against, and when you see which side gives you more avenues of thought to pursue, choose it. Second, having chosen your side of the debate, decide that the motion is a good or bad idea because ¦This then will become the argument of your speech. The argument is the central theme which you will introduce, build upon and then summarise. Often it is best to have to have three reasons; Example For Capital Punishment is a good idea because ¦ 1. It deters other criminals from committing serious crimes 2. It is cheap, efficient, and labour saving 3. It eliminates the possibility of repeat offences Against Capital Punishment is a bad idea because ¦ 1. Miscarriages of justice cannot be rectified 2. It makes killing right for some yet wrong for others, thus introducing a double standard when there should be a simple statement that murder is a crime 3. Prisons should be for rehabilitating offenders, not for revenge All of the above statements should then be supported by example, but remember, in a debate, your argument is more important than your examples. A good speaker is always restating their argument; a bad speaker is always lost in a fog of example. This is how your argument becomes informative and clear. Third, decide on the structure and tone you want to use in your speech. Some speakers may like to start their speech with a story, anecdote or quotation that will then illustrate their arguments to follow. This gives the speaker a chance to make the speech unique, and make it more relevant than a theoretical discussion of some issue that has never had, or will never have any affect on the speaker. What tone are you going to use? Avoid making sweeping statements, such as we all know what this is going to lead to. Instead, pitch such ideas to the audience in the form of rhetorical questions: Do we want our society to be like this? Avoid the use of too much jargon, and if you are forced to, make sure to define the term immediately after you first mention it, so the audience will be informed for when they will next hear the term. Do not believe that your audience are already experts on this issue you may need to fill them in on the basics  first. Do not do this in a patronising way, but instead say that you want to focus their attention on the key issues. In this way you will be more persuasive, and less arrogant. Too much arrogance and you will end up alienating your audience from your point of view. Opening comments. Depending on the occasion that the speech is to be delivered, start with the most important dignitaries present, and proceed through your list to the end, which is usually your fellow speakers. A standard opening for a school debate would be Chairperson, Principal, Honoured Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Fellow Students, Fellow Speakers, I have come before you today to speak on the motion that ¦(insert motion here) ¦ Continue to refer directly to the audience at intervals throughout your speech, and conclude with a summary of all your arguments, and by thanking the audience for their time and attention. Ladies and Gentlemen, having put forward the facts, I beg you to support/oppose this motion, that ¦(insert motion here) ¦ How do you know if you have written a good speech? Imagine you are listening to that speech from the audience. To a member of an audience, no matter where, a good speech will always have the following qualities. 1. It will be suited to the tone of the occasion, whether solemn, or celebratory. 2. It will be informative, but not so technical that it either confuses or loses you. 3. You will be clear at the end of the speech as to why the speaker feels in the way they do about the topic they have spoken on. 4. The speech will emphasise why the issue is important to everyday life, rather that some abstract worry that may never affect you. 5. You will have been given a definition of the issue, and more importantly, a series of suggestions or steps as to how this issue should be dealt with. 6. You will have developed a sympathy for both the speaker and the issue that they spoke upon.

Traffic Camera Lights Should Be Installed Essay Example for Free

Traffic Camera Lights Should Be Installed Essay Red light running is a common problem in roads and intersections. According to the focus report from Texas House Representatives, injuries and fatalities from red light crashes had increased annually from 10,000 in the year 1975 to 24,000 in the year 2001 (Focus Report, p 1). In California, from the report of the National Advisory Board, there is an approximately 200,000 crashes where 150,000 are from injuries and more than 1,100 fatalities in the year 2001. (National Campaign to Stop Red Light, p. 1). In the years 1992 to 2000, the number of road accidents that had caused death at signalized intersections had increased by 19% nationwide where the red light running being the frequent cause. Half of the deaths were innocent pedestrians and occupants in vehicles that had been hit by these red light runners (National Campaign to Stop Red Light, p. 1).. Financially, California Highway Patrol estimates that the red light running fatality had caused $2,600,000 and other accidents costs between $2,000 and $183,000 (National Campaign to Stop Red Light, p. 1). In Texas, accidents are   estimated to be cost at between $1.4 Billion. Medical, Insurance and other related expenses falls at about $3 billion annually. Federal Highway Administration from the US Department of Transportation, red light runnin more than 100,000 crashes and approximately 1,000 deaths annually (Federal Highway Administration, page 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to address the problem of red light running, authorities had decided to use cameras. Traffic light cameras had been used in the United States in the 90’s. John Quain states that New York had been one of the first areas that had installed camera devices to catch law-breaking individuals (nytimes.com, 2008). Red light Cameras main goal is to make people obey traffic rules and minimize if not eliminate red light runner violators.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three types of cameras that had been used by the police. These are the film camera, digital camera and video camera (National Campaign to Stop Red Light, p 13). The film camera has a limited amount of images to capture but has the highest image resolution among the other two types. The digital camera captures the picture and directs it to the computer. There is no need to get or retrieved the image from the site because the captured images go straight to the database of the operator. Lastly, video cameras are used to detect the speed and capture the images to detect the violators. The cameras have different features to sense the position of the car. This includes the video motion sensors, laser tracking and the sensors embedded in the road. When the car passes the stop line and the light has turned red, the camera captures a series of pictures of the infraction. This includes the license plate of the violator. From these pictures, the owner of the vehicle is issued a ticket. The ticket and the photographic evidence from the camera is then given to the owner via mail (nytimes.com, 2008). In addition to the mail, according to Seattle Post Intelligence, the owner is tasked to pay the fine in 18 days, if the owner was not the one driving he or she must ask for a hearing or an affidavit. If the driver had signed the affidavit the ticket is nulled. The tickets issued to the owner do not appear in the driving records (seattlepi.com, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many benefits in installing the traffic light cameras. First benefit is to the police force. In the article from the National Campaign to Stop Red light runners, it had been stressed that the police force monitors the roads and intersections in order to ensure that there are no violators. If a particular scenario happens, the police is sometimes forced to chase the violator for the traffic ticket. This particular procedure does not only waste the time of the police but it also wastes gasoline. There have also been procedures that had assigned a particular group to monitor the roads. These situations waste time and effort of not only a single policeman but a group of policemen. Since the cameras had been installed, the police had more time to worry about other things aside from monitoring the traffic (National Campaign to Stop Red Light, p 11). In the year 1998, the International Association of Chiefs of Police had supported the red light cameras. The resolution had indicated that red light cameras are there â€Å"for more effective and efficient traffic law, in conjunction with normal enforcement efforts.† (National Campaign to Stop Red Light, p 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second benefit is that the red light cameras had been able to reduce the red light violations by 40% at intersections with cameras and a 50% reduction at intersections without cameras (thenewspaper.com, 2008). The reduction of violations only shows that there the goals of the red light cameras had been met. Third benefit is the financial aspect from the type of crash accidents that had happened. According to the Federal Highway Administration in America, there is an approximate aggregate economic benefit of $39,000 per site per year. The $39,000 benefit came from the minimized right angle crashes and the increase in rear accident crashes. Even though there was an increase in the rear end crashes the economic computation of the crashes had resulted to a positive benefit for society. Another angle of economic benefit is that the camera systems pay for itself because of the red light running fines that has been generated. (Federation Highway Administration, page 84).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another benefit that the red light camera brings is that it had become a deterrent to bring behaviour change to motorists. (National Campaign to Stop Red Light, p 8). The behaviour change does not only include obeying traffic rules, it also includes respect for fellow drivers which had resulted to avoiding crashes, injuries and loss of life. Recent studies show that there have been   25 to 30 percent reduction in intersection injury crashes (National Campaign to Stop Red Light, p 8). In Seattle, the frequency of light running dropped. Studies revealed that there has been a reduction of at least 50 percent. The study shows that the cameras had reduced the frequency of car collisions. Seattle had made a one-year pilot period and the city had issued that there have been 16,539 citations. These citations had resulted to $1.1 million in penalties. More than 70% of the ticketed violators had paid for their fines (seattlepi.com, 2008). In London, red light and speed cameras had shown a reduction of 54% in red light violations. The 11,000 violations that had ben recorded in the last 6 months of the year 2000 had been decreased to 5,000 in the first six months of the year 2001. (Red Light Press Clippings, Page 1). The red light camera had been installed in different areas in the United States and it has also contributed a lot in the reduction of accidents and injuries in the road. Oxnard California had shown that there have been a reduction of injury crashes at intersections with traffic signals by 29 percent since 1997. This does not only include the intersections with camera. Fairfax, Virginia had experience a decline of 44% after a year of camera enforcement. Washington D.C. had shown a reduction of fatalities from16 percent to 2 percent in the first two years of installation. Charlotte, North Carolina had experienced 70 percent in the first year of camera enforcement. New York City, Maryland, and California also had shown a reduction of violations ever since the cameras had been installed. There are many issues that surround the installation of red light cameras. There have been studies that show that the installation of the cameras had resulted to an increase in the rear-end crashes of cars. The issue had been the timing of the yellow light and the fear of the people about the ticketing from the traffic enforcement offices. Another issue is that the enforcers may have adjusted the cameras so that there would be more people who would incur traffic violations to increase the fine collection. Some of the people view the installation of these cameras as an additional tax collection that the government is collecting from the people. The â€Å"Big Brother† issue had also been discussed, several people question their right to privacy. It had been noted that the use of the red light cameras violates the privacy of the people. (US House of Representatives, 2001) There may have been issues that are against the red light cameras however, the proponent of this paper believes that it is better to install traffic cameras in all the intersections. It is more important to be able to care for the safety of the people rather than think about the privacy and costs. Life costs more than anything else and it is the duty of the police to take care of the citizens of the country. People feel safer because they know that it is safe in the streets. Knowing that there are safeguards such as traffic camera lights in the roads helps people think that they are secure. The reduction of the violations of red light running had shown very promising results. It is not only easier for the police force to know the violators but it had also brought about the increase of security in the roads. Since people would not be able to escape their violations, the people are then disciplined and as a such this brings behavioural change from the drivers. Works Cited    Robinson, B.A. , â€Å"Same Sex Marriages (SSM), Civil Unions and Domestic Partnerships†. Religous Tolerance, 30, Texas House of the Representatives. â€Å"Red-Light Cameras in Texas: A Status Reportâ€Å"   Focus Report. May 2001. House Research Organization. 10 February 2008. http://www.hro.house.state.tx.us/focus/redlight79-15.pdf Quain, J. â€Å"Lights, Camera, Traffic Ticket† Technology. 6 January 2008. New York Times. 10 February 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/06/automobiles/06LIGHT.html?ex=1357275600en=fedd158c6b011f9bei=5088partner=rssnytemc=rss Federal Highway Administration. â€Å"Safety Evaluation of Red-Light Cameras†. U.S. Department of Transportation. April 2005. Research and Development Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. 10 February 2008. http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/05048/05048.pdf National Campaign to Stop Red Light Running. â€Å"Stop on Red = Safe on Green†. 2002. National Campaign to Stop Red Light Running 10 February 2008. http://www.stopredlightrunning.com/pdfs/StopOnRedSafeOnGreen.pdf Galloway, Angela. â€Å"More red light cameras comingâ€Å" 2 January 2008. Seattle Post Intelligencer. 10 February 2008. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/345753_redlight03.html BJS. â€Å"Red light cameras can reduce crash-related injuries† 20 April 2005. Science Blog. 10 Februar 2008. http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/node/7612/print Mobilizing the Region. â€Å"Facing Albany Roadblock, NYC must Fake Traffic Safety Program†. 24 November 2001. Tri-State Transportation Campaign. 10 February 2008.   http://www.tstc.org/bulletin/ City of Saskatoon. â€Å"Drive safe. Drive smart. Stop at red lights!â€Å" 2007. City of Saskatoon. 10 Februry 2008. http://saskatoon.ca/org/municipal_engineering/red_light_cameras/index.asp U.S. House of Representatives. â€Å"Red Light Camera Scam†. The Red Light Running Crisis May 2001. TheNewspaper.com 10 February 2007 http://www.thenewspaper.com/rlc/reports/rlcreport6.asp