Sop Concrete Block free essay sample

Standard Operating Procedures of Making a Concrete Block. | Department/ Unit: | This Standard Operating Procedures has been done by Department of Production and Manufacturing of Concrete Block| Purpose:| The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedures of making a concrete block is to provide instructions in order to manufacture a concrete block. | Who can perform this SOP:| Skilled worker technician. | Equipment/ Tools Needed:| Personal Protective Equipment:| Safety helmet, goggles, hand gloves and face mask. Tools:| Sand, cement, water, gravel and formwork. | Reference Materials:| http://www. madehow. com/Volume-3/Concrete-Block. html | Others: | None| Ref No| 1993/123| Date| 16 April 2013| Page No. | 2| Procedures: | Mixing Process 1. Store the sand and gravel outside in piles. 2. Transfer them into storagebins by conveyer belts. 3. Store the portland cementInto large vertical silos to avoidmoisture. 4. Transfer the required amount of sand. gravel and cement by mechanicalmeans to a weigh batcher to measurethe amount of each material. 5. Flow the weighed materials into a stationary mixer and blend themtogether for several minutes. We will write a custom essay sample on Sop Concrete Block or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6. Add small amount of water to the mixer. | Molding 1. Dump the thoroughly mixed concreteto an inclined bucket conveyer and transport it to an elevated hopper. 2. Convey the concrete to another hopper on top of the block machine at a measured flow rate . When they are full so that the downward force will mold the concrete. The upper mold head will compact the molds 3. Push the compacted molds down and out of the molds onto a flat steel pallet. . Push the pallet and blocks out of the machine onto a chain conveyer. | Curing 1. Convey the pallets of blocks to an automated stacker that will place them in a curing rack. Move the rack into a curing kiln when it is full. 2. Hold the blocks in the kiln for 1 to 3 hours. 3. Introduce steam gradually into the kiln to raise the temperature not more than 16? C per hour. 4. Cure the blocks at a temperature of (66-74? C) 5. Upon reaching the curing temperature shut the steam off. 6. Soak the blocks in hot moist air for 12-18 hours. 7. Dry the blocks after soaking in the kiln again by further raising the temperature for 3 hours. | Cubing 1. Roll the racks of cured blocks out of the kiln. 2. Unstack the pallets of blocks and place them on a chain conveyer. 3. Push the blocks off from steel pallets and fed the empty pallets back into block machine. 4. Pass the blocks through a cuber which aligns aligns each block and stack them into cube three blocks across by six blocks deep by three or four blocks high. 5. Carry the blocks outside with a forklift. Place them in a storage. | Prepared by: | Skilled worker technician. Reviewed by: | Project Manager from Production and Manufacturing of Concrete Block. | Approved by: | Chief Manager from Quality Department of Production and Manufacturing of Concrete Block. | Ref No| 1993/123| Date| 16 April 2013| Page No. | 3| Standard Operating Procedures of Making a Concrete Block UHL2422 English for Technical Communication NAME| STUDENT ID| Mohd Adhan Izmi Bin Roslan| AA12227| Wan Mo hd Haziq Bin Wan Mohd Kamil| AA12080| Maxwell Sayong| TB12022| Jason Osen Anak Ahok| PA12021| LECTURER| Mdm. Aisyah Hanum Binti Abu Bakar|

Communism and the Vietnam War essays

Communism and the Vietnam War essays The Vietnam War began in 1959 and ended in 1975. In the beginning, the communist guerrillas, Vietcong, from the South worked with the Communist forces of North Vietnam in an attempt to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. This struggle eventually grew into a civil war, and by the time it was over it had become a conflict of international proportions. In 1945, shortly after Japan had surrendered to the Allies, Vietminh guerrillas seized the capital city of Hanoi and forced Emperor Bao Dai to abdicate. They proceeded to declare Vietnam independent and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam or North Vietnam. France officially recognized North Vietnam as a new state, but the inability of the two countries to agree on certain economic and political polices led to armed conflict in early December of 1946. As a result of this conflict, the French helped Bao Dai set up the state of Vietnam or South Vietnam, where they establish the new capital of Saigon. During the following year, the US recognized South Vietnam and the Saigon government. President Truman attempted to help South Vietnam, by training them in the use of our weapons. In the following years, both the Vietminh and the French, Vietnam's main rivals, were building up their military forces. The first attack came in the spring of 1954, Vietminh attacked the French fortress Dien Bien Phu in North Vietnam. After a 55-day siege, the French surrendered. On the same day that the French surrendered, North and South Vietnam met with France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, US, Communist China, Laos, and Cambodia in Geneva to discuss the future of "Indochina." France and North Vietnam agreed to a truce. They agreed to temporarily split the country of Vietnam into North and South. The North would go to the communist, and the Saigon government would control the South. The agreement was made under the condition that elections would be held to reunify the...

Social psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social psychology - Essay Example The study of personalities and theoretical differences in personalities. It can also be said that personality psychology is specific to the studying of human differences. Social psychology is related closely to personality psychology as understanding social behaviors can be better explained by observing and studying personality differences. If there were no personality differences displayed in humans, then we would all be exactly the same and diversity would not exist. Answer: The theory of self monitoring simply revolves around being in control of one’s words and actions as well as the level of awareness one has over one‘s self. It can be explained as the idea of being accountable to one’s self. For example, an individual with low self monitoring, does not think before they speak. This means that their words and actions are often socially inappropriate. An individual with high self monitoring will select their words carefully before speaking, mentally weighing their choice of words or topics of discussion. A person with high self monitoring is also very concerned with if they are acting within social norms or not. A high self monitor will act out in embarrassing ways without really feeling embarrassed, â€Å"People who are high self-monitors constantly watch other people, what they do and how they respond to the behavior of others. Such people are hence very self-conscious and like to look good and will hence usually adapt we ll to differing social situations. Answer: The overconfidence phenomenon within the work place is receiving more and more attention and study as it seems to be a growing problem in some large corporations. An example of this phenomenon is someone who excels professionally but progressively feels more and more comfortable taking more risks. The overconfident individual will state their ability to perform tasks at a higher level than what

Marketing plan for dove skin-care products for men Essay

Marketing plan for dove skin-care products for men - Essay Example This is one of the most important parts of marketing – availability of information about products and people. The first information need that a marketer must meet is consumer orientation. We have to identify the target market, which in this case is the male population, aged 15-34-year-olds. This is a growing segment of users of facial skincare products. Skin care products, like moisturizers and deep-cleaning facewash, are products that should be built up through the marketing mix. More information of these products has to be analysed and enhanced as the information from the market segment becomes rich and valuable. A market analysis for introducing a new kind of product which, according to Mintel, is a need product for 15-34-year-olds of the UK male population, has to be done with several factors to be taken into consideration. It is not only the customers and their needs that we need to understand. We also have to take into consideration the organisation’s capabilities , and this includes our competitors’ capabilities, how the customers’ will respond or react to the product, the organisation’s economic needs, the technological aspects, and other important elements in the supply chain. If we have to anticipate customers’ needs and wants, we must have a thorough understanding of consumer behaviour. This part of marketing is complicated but it can be done through research and surveys. The needs and motivations of the male population, the 15-24 and the 15-34 demographics, can be accomplished through online surveys. Surveys can also be done by hiring an independent firm who knows the mechanics of surveying potential customers and their needs. The company needs marketing insight. Marketing insight is also known as â€Å"voice of the customer† over which the manager’s decision is to be based. A firm has to understand the customer; when this is accomplished, product planning and development, including department c ommunications and other relevant information, are easily done. Customer insight is attained by means of the activities in the marketing mix. With the Internet and Information Technology, advertising and promotion are easily accomplished. A firm can conduct online surveys and use the results in formulating plans and future product goals. Online surveys are popular these days. It can acquire a lot of information regarding the customer and their preferences on products and how products should be made. (Jobber and Lancaster 31) Marketing insight is similar to market orientation because it focuses on acquiring information about customers, competing firms, and the marketing environment. The information has to be examined and analysed in the context of the business perspective; how the information can be used to deliver products of value or quality; and how the product can satisfy the customer. (Lamb, Hair, and McDaniel 6) A. Overall Marketing Strategy for Dove From consumer orientation, t he firm must focus on customer satisfaction as part of marketing; meaning marketing should be customer focused and consumer oriented but should be in line with corporate objectives. The next part of the marketing concept is systems orientation. Marketing of Dove products must be a part of a system and to be implemented by a team functioning in unison. (Jobber & Lancaster 23) The key to a successful marketing is ensuring that the needs and wants of customers are met and the products provide these needs and wants. This is the trend in the globalised business. The company should attain customer loyalty, with a focus on the price. Men’s moisturizers may not be a new product but there might be stiff competition in the market. Companies might have taken it for granted but with the recent surveys provided by Mintel, what business needs now is product enhancement. And we can’t get this through outsourcing. Product enhancement should be done in-house. The marketing concept is b ased on the customer’

500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

500 - Essay Example Here I will assign the extra time by seeing the nature of the activity. The main purpose of this section is to streamline the time and allocate the enough time resources project. Now I will discuss critical and non-critical activities, and their effect upon the shortest time needed to complete the project. Like we can save time from the activity of â€Å"call for nominations† we can have 3 days from this activity. Then in the â€Å"organize record sheets† task we can save 2 days. From the â€Å"ask for officials to volunteer† task we can have 2 days. We have saved overall 7 days out of 71 days project. In this project of the sporting event I have discussed the main events and tasks that we have to carry out regarding overall project implementation. Here I have tried to carry out activities in such a way that the there is no conflict among the activities in any scenario. Here I have also implemented the project management activities like WBS, OBS and

The Organisational Culture At Enron Corporation Commerce Essay

The Organisational Culture At Enron Corporation Commerce Essay This paper analyses the Enron organisation culture and the key issues that eventually led to the Enron Corporate debacle and why it is so vital that top level management is the main proponent of this culture shaping lower level employees behaviour of moral reasoning. Moreover, as there is a need to understand how the different types of cultures may effortlessly help business to perform, this essay will identify the type of Enrons corporate culture through applying the assessment instruments developed by Cameron and Quinn (1998). In todays business environment the culture has huge impact on organizations performance. It is widely recognized by the managers, that the adoption of organisational culture as an effective control tool, gives the opportunity to affect on what people think, believe and value (Ray, 1986). It is commonly known that different organisations have typical cultures. The culture of a group can be defined as: A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems ( Schein, 1993: pp373-374). Organisations develop their own culture through history and structure that gives a sense of identity. Therefore, every culture possesses its own traditions, knowledge, art, moral issues, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by individual as a member of society (Tylor, 1970).It ascertains, through the beliefs, values and norms the way how things are done around here (Mullins, 2002: p802). Organization theory scholars distinguish that organizational cultures associate to the concept of an organization. However, Huczynsk i Buchanan (2001: p627) argue that the facade symptom of culture are its most visible and most accessible forms, which are the visible and audible behaviour patterns and objects. In the case of Enron, the analysis for the companys downfall moved well beyond financial and economic debate as the corporate culture was shown to be a main reason and contributing issue (Rapoport Dharan, 2004). The society got a shockwave when it came to that Enron was seen to be an example of corporate citizenship and ethics previous to its fall down (Sims Brinkmann, 2003) while in reality the company was cheering a culture for back-biting management possessed with exhibiting short-term profits and inflating the companys stock value. Sims and Brinkmann (2003) point out that this difference between the culture shown to the public and investors and the values being enacted within the organisation is an example of the conflict that can be found between levels of culture within an organisation as suggested by Schein (1985). Conducting the further analysis of the Enrons downfall it is vital to identify the organizational culture that the company could be identified with. Hence, in accordance to Cameron and Quinn (1998) and their developed marking criteria, there are four types of organisational cultures identified which include collaborate (clan), create (adhocracy), control (hierarchy) and compete (market) cultures. After close research and analyse of the types of organisational cultures and relating the criteria to the case study it shows that Enron applied a compete culture, which to some extent, brought the company to downfall.  Compete (market) organizations are focused on relationships- in particular, transactions-with suppliers, customers, contractors, legislators, consultants, regulators, etc. Through efficient external dealings they feel that they can best achieve suc ­cess. Compete (market) organizations are concerned about competitiveness and efficiency through accent o n partnerships and positioning (Cameron and Quinn, 1998). Enron executives spent more time distressing about reputation and getting ahead than trading with the everyday business processes needed to prolong the company.  The top managers believed Enron had to be the best at everything it did. When there existed failures and losses in their business performance, what they did was covering up their losses in order to protect their reputations instead of trying to do something to make it correct. In the case of Enron, the mutual goal of winning that is frequently anxious in compete culture organizations, did not translate past rough business deals and unethical business practices. In Enrons case, its corporate culture played an important role of its collapse. It was culture of greed and moneymaking In Enron, greed was good and money was God. There was a little regard for ethics or the law. Such attitudes infused the whole company from the top down to individual workers. Organisational culture supported unethical practises- corruption, cheating, and fake practices were widespread. Many executives and managers knew that the company was following some illegal and unethical practices, but the executives and the board of directors did not know how to make the ethical decisions and corporate ethical culture. Creative accounting and misleading profit reports were a matter of everyday procedure. Denial and reputation management enabled them carry on their unethical and often illegal activities. In addition, if the company makes huge profits in unethical way then individual who joins the organisation would also have to practice unethical things to survive in the compa ny. The management was blinded by greed and ambition, their decisions became seriously flawed. Thus company fell back and managers had to pay in the form of fines and imprisonment. Thus, disregard to organisational culture and mismanagement in huge proportions and, mainly, greed is among the key factors that brought the Enron the most innovative company to downfall. Enron was looking into the ways of getting bigger, greater and more progressive than the other companies at that time. And it seemed to be really well on the way to that target. However, the analysis of Enrons organisational structure reveals that top managers of any organisation at all times must be responsible of everything that happens in their company. Hence, the Enrons top manager (Kenneth Lay) did not have his objectives, right interest and mission in the organisation. But the success of the business depends on the executives abilities to leadership, influence on others and how the real interests and goals are foll owed by. K. Lays position as a chairman was just a title for the company and as evidence of that is the action of passing along the responsibilities to the Jeff Skilling. That could be seen as the countdown of the organisational structure breakdown which is related as the key issue to all the businesses. A wise decision-making abilities and achievement of organisational objectives truly correlates with the companys organisational structure. In Enron case, people responsible for making such wise and important decisions were obviously those from the top of the management; however they did not really possess any of the productive objectives in their minds. The final decision-making was left for the chief financial and chief operating officers whose ability, in the other hand, excluded any sense of any kind of the responsibility for the consequences could occurred. The basic interest, as it seems from the case study analysis, was the financial profit- money. Thus, decision-making was easily blinded with the quantity of the business deals made and money seen, without any of the consideration of the future problems of the organisation, such behaviour could cause. According to Reh (2002), It is the leaders job to provide the vision for the group. A good executive must have a dream and the ability to get the company to support that dream. But it is not enough to merely have the dream. The leader must also provide the framework by which the people in that organization can help achieve the dream. This is called company culture (p.1). Generally, corporate culture refers to the prevailing implicit values, attitudes and ways of doing things in a company. It often reflects the personality, philosophy and the ethnic-cultural background of the founder or the leader. Corporate culture dictates how the company is run and how people are promoted (Wong, 2005, p.185). The leadership of the Enron could not cope with providing the guidance to help the business to survive. Hence, that is the clear evidence that Jeff Skilling proclaimed the Enrons corporate culture- the culture of greed, corruption and deception. He wanted profits at all cost, in addition the hiring practices became obsessed with finding aggressive, greedy, unethical employees who could deliver on the organisations demand for short term profits. There is a direct connection between the way a business and its people conduct themselves and the leadership within it. There was no respect or responsible decision-making in the Enron. The management of the organization was totally broken down by the companys executives, who displaced their responsibilities to unprofessional staff and there was no rigorous standart of the performance for their business. The senior management failed to maintain a relationship of openness and trust with employees. Staff members who questioned the wisdom of some of Enrons decisions and practices were either ignored or silenced. Senior management cared more about self-enrichment than the needs of employees. They showed little regard for meaning and ethics beyond the bottom line (Wong, 2005, p.185).And when the top managers turned a blind eye on the legal aspects when performing financial operations, the clear message of the tolerance of the illegal practices was sent. After analysing the case study I suggest that the most important lesson is that corporate culture matters it can either bring prosperity or disaster to the organization. A company needs to promote an organisational culture with moral way of thinking as Peters Waterman (1982: p75) points out that without exception, the dominance and coherence of culture proved to be an essential quality of the excellent companies. This culture should be top level management as they are key figures, which employees will follow. If executives of a company consider the short term bottom line to be the most important factor to success then lower level employees will soon get the message and acquire the game rules. This environment is exposed to the actions such as intentionally breaking the rules, if results cannot be achieved within the legal framework. From studying the Enron case it is seen that collapse was brought on by a lack of respect, lack of concern of management and real goals. To point out that the enormous amount of losses of the company destroyed the lives of the Enrons employees and the investors who trusted and heavily invested in the business. After all taking on to account that organisational culture is able to bring an enormous difference and guide the organisation to success and prolong reasonable rewards (Hoecklin, 1995) by possessing effective management (Miroshnik, 2002), the Enrons example demonstrates that when there is unhealthy corporate culture in the company which lacks the true leadership, true interests, true goals, wise decision-making and the main issue is greed for money, then such a business is exposed to become the bankrupt.

Wilhelm Wundts Psychology: Judgment Essay -- Wilhelm Wundt Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt's Psychology: Judgment It is almost impossible to write historically informed essays about any given topic in modern psychology without making reference to the work of Wilhelm Wundt. In part, this is because he produced a tremendous amount of written work (over 53,735 published pages1), and because he is widely regarded as the first experimental psychologist.2 So, it’s no surprise that Wundt has something to say about the psychology of judgment. Given the historical context in which his work took place, however, you might be surprised to learn that Wundt was keenly aware of both the problems with traditional associationist accounts of psychology and the temptations of psychologism. His system of psychology, while acknowledging the associative characteristics of some types of thought, takes pains to stress the non-additive nature of higher cognitive acts and fights to preserve the independence of psychology (and the rest of the â€Å"special sciences,† including logic and ethics) from physiolo gy. In this paper, I’ll briefly review the basics of Wundt’s approach, detail the neo-Humean roots of his psychology, discuss how he attempts to embellish those roots with some apperceptive greenery, and summarize his position regarding psychologisms.3 While Wundt’s motives are to be admired (†¦and despite his historical significance), I'll conclude that his attempt to be true to the physiological roots of the psychology of judgment while still respecting its ultimate independence vis-à  -vis logic was a failure.4 First, the basics. In his Principles of Physiological Psychology, Wundt lays down the outline of a psychology that will be constructed using experimental techniques analogous to those of physiology (famously, a rigorous ... ...h the individual mind with habits, inclinations, archetypes, and stereotypical modes of perception and cognition. But these influences from without must work on those internal principles and laws of thought that comprise ‘the universal characteristics of humanity’† (p. 161). 12 Wundt emphasizes the importance of education for conditioning the will in a logical manner: â€Å"Rather must education pay most attention to that inner volition which is occupied with ordered thinking. To make this strong, to make this able to resist the distracting play of associations, is its most important and also one of its most difficult tasks† (Introduction, p. 147). 13 Introduction, pp. 148-149. 14 Lectures, p. 314. 15 Robinson, p. 167, quoting from the Lectures, p. 365. 16 Robinson, p. 172. 17 Wellek (1967), encyclopedia entry on Wundt, Wilhelm, p. 350.

Lecture Notes

Scientific Investigation of mental processes and behavior and how they Lancaster uses tools and research methods to understand mental processes & behavior Has a biological boundary (changing nature of body impacts way we behave and who we are) and a cultural boundary (culture shapes human behavior) Psychology is about understanding a persons biological make-up, their psychological experience and function and cultural background Brief History Psychology has stemmed from philosophical roots and philosophical questions (1)Free will or determinism – Do people freely choose their behavior or Is It characterized from lawful patterns? (2) Mind-Body Problem- How do mental and psychical elements interact?Germany was center of psychological research and thinking In the early stages (19th century) Structuralism (Wilhelm Wound 1832- 1920) father of experimental psychology Focus on elements and introspection of consciousness experience (report of stimulus) 1879 – Wilhelm Wound estab lished the first ever laboratory of psychology Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Criticized Wound's focus on elements and consciousness to behavior Instead of focus n structure of consciousness rather think why (behavior)Strong emphasis on function on mental processes in adapting to the environment Gestalt psychology â€Å"the whole Is bigger than the elements that form the whole† Perception and creating meaning as human beings Experiment orientated Psychodrama perspective Sigmund Freed (1856-1939) Not everything we think, feel and remember we are aware of (unconscious), some aspects of hidden events from us causing anxiety (mental processes in conflict) Dynamic Interplay between consciousness and unconsciousness Past events become part of unconsciousness (find them, relive and talk through) Lecture Notes Revenge Deterrence Get rid of them, get them of the streets Retribution Just desserts Justice, proportionate The punishment must fit the crime It must be proportionate Contravention of social order requires ‘pay back' to society or volt Deterrence Threat of punishment will prevent future crime Hedonistic calculus If the pleasure out ways the pain deterrence is ineffective General Deterrence, and Specific You see a friend commit a crime and you don't want to Specific Is you Certainty, Celerity, Severity These need to be close together In order for deterrence to be affective certainty Is he most important; if you are certain you are going to get caught, you wont do it. Does deterrence work?Sometimes it does work (they get out, and they don't want to go back) and sometimes it doesn't work (people sometimes bargain with the judge to get put into Jail longer, or they go back to crime) Incapacitation (Prison) Symbolic: denouncement of act communicated to offenders and society through use of punishment In the sense of freedom; we as people of society we value our freedom, and taking it away is tough on a lot of people Imprisonment, deprivation of liberty Remove problem elements from society Rehabilitation Address underlying causes facing the offender Focus on offender, not crime Assumes transformation potential of rehabilitation within a punitive context The problem with rehabilitation is that it believes that you can rehabilitate someone in a prison setting; where you got people in an anxious setting etc. ND it becomes a lot more challenging Justice Policies Trend in Policies There is more emphasis on incapacitation, retribution, deterrence Rehabilitation, reparation overshadowed Less focus on solving problems of crime Belief that vindictive punishment is most appropriate response to crime Trend in US ND Canada toward punitive approaches New Pensiveness From mid-sass's Claim of global trend toward harsher CA sanctions More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Increase use of prison, more crimes result in prison, increase prison lengths, mandatory minimums More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Shaming initiatives, austere prison regimes For example in Arizona they make their inmates wear pink suits Zero tolerance strategiesZero tolerance means they have to report everything even if it's a push fight Three strikes legislation If you do two serious offences on the third serious offence you get a life sentence Use of capital punishment It does not have an effect on crime rates In Canada the death penalty did not have an impact on crime rates In states for the first two weeks it would go down and then it would go right back to where it was Harsh CSS policies are response to increasing public disorder, rising crime, deterioration of moral framework Leap backward, shift away from restraint Stretching the limits of punishment Tough Justice War on Drugs in 1971 Drug offences is what is driving the crime rates in the U. S out the roof Crack: is used by the lower class people Cocaine: is used by the middle and upper class The police are targeting the lower class that is using crack So the prisons and sanctions in the U.S is filled with the minority people, such as blacks and Latinist's Tough on crime policies and election platforms 1980 = 40,000, 2008 = 500,000 Simon: prison used to target race Relationship between ‘Get Tough' and Crime Rates Little relationship between crime and incarceration rates There is no relationship with how tough you are on crime and the crime rate. You can e as tough as you want but it will not put a dent on the crime rate. High welfare spending = low incarceration rates Greater inequality = higher incarceration rates Inefficient – move away from pensiveness Example: Texas vs†¦ California Texas spent a lot of money on offences, which in turn had zero effect on the crime rate, where as California spent no money, and they had the same rates as Texas who spent a lot of money Canada youth incarceration rate Canada put in place laws and barriers that stated you can't put children under the age of 12 in Jail.Criminal Responsibility Category Age Children Under 12 None Youth 12-17 Diminished Adults 18+ Full Legal Legal Classification of Criminal Offences Offence Hearing Punishment Summary Provincial court Judge $2000 both Indictable (Felony: U. S term; both mean the same thing) Less serious: provincial court Judge Most serious: provincial superior court by federally appointed Judge All others: Judge without Jury Up to Life Hybrid Can be summary or indictable Prosecutor discretion Record, circumstances Varies Cocoas: Representations of Crime – Lecture 3 Non. 29) Epistemology – Study of knowledge What do we know about crime? How do we know what we know? How do we acquire our knowledge? What are its limitations?Common Sources News Word of mouth Problems with Understanding Crime Hidden Subject of inquiry is deliberately Insight Criminals have little insight into the broader nature of their behavior What does one murderer know about another Cost Access in costly, time consuming and partial Scope Much crime lies beyond the scope of research Access Sociologists cannot pass effortlessly into every situation Barriers exist within social worlds Representation Social worlds are not representative Official Sources of Crime Statistics The Crime Funnel Citizens detect crime A lot of people do not report crime, for reasons being: Fear Can resolve it on your own Police might/wont do anything about it May not think it's a crime/don't define it as a crime Street youth, they don't trust the police because they are victimized If you are engaging in criminal behavior you won't report crime to the police.Uniform Crime Reports Standardized counts of crime known to police National statistic s about crime Applies standard definitions to all offences Counts used to determine crime rates The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Limitations Mainly the crime funnel Justice system does not give an accurate portrayal of crime Unreported crime The â€Å"dark figure† of crime Self-Report Surveys Asks people about the crimes they have committed You can get peoples attitude etc Who commits the most crime: Young Adults Identifies some unreported crimes (dark figure) Measure attitudes and prevalence of offending (primary peers) Factorization Surveys Asks victims about crimes they did not report Indicate that a large number of crimes are not reported Example: Canadian Urban Factorization Survey Direct Measures Economic loss, physical injury, property damage Indirect Measures Fear of crime and its effects People don't want to be alone at night Lock the doorsEstablish new expectations and measurements for police effectiveness Increase understanding and trust between police an d immunity leaders Empower and strengthen community-based efforts Commitment to long-term proactive prevention strategies Decentralized operations and management Develop new skills in police Racial and Criminal Profiling Racial Criminal Any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a combination of these, rather than on a reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment.Relies on actual behavior or on information about suspected activity by someone who tests the description of a specific individual. What is Racial Profiling? Based on stereotypical assumptions because of one's race, color, ethnicity, etc. Evidence of disproportionate stops When is it profiling? B, women in spousal relationship killed, airport Good police work or self-fulfilling prophecy â€Å"Intuition†, â€Å"suspicion† Visibility , definition If you are a young black male with an education you are more likely to be stopped by police. ** By in large police officers in Canada are intelligent hard working people who want to serve Justice to the general public. **

Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory Essays

Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory Essays Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory Paper Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory Paper A group comprises two or more individuals, who interact with each other, share common goals, are interdependent and acknowledge their formation as a group. People join groups for several reasons. Amongst these reasons are, for interpersonal needs, support and commitment and group synergy. Interpersonal needs include ones desire for inclusion, where the individual is desirous of establishing an identity with others, which is often used as a way of self-verification. Individuals need affection and joining a group is an excellent way of establishing relationships and making friends. Another component of interpersonal needs, is a sense of control, where the individual wants to prove his/her abilities and being in a group serves as an outlet to demonstrate these abilities. Support and commitment is important to an individual, as he/she may want to undertake a project but finds that he/she would be far more motivated, if working in a group. Also, the support given to each group member, by the other members reinforces commitment to the project being undertaken. Group Synergy refers to the idea that two or more heads are better than one, and that groups are more capable of producing higher quality work than the individual would. Group Synergy also recognizes that groups make better decisions than individuals. Groups go through five (5) stages of development. It is important to note that to move from one stage to another can only be achieved on the basis of the success of the goals of the preceding stage. The first stage is forming. At this primary level, group members come together and each individual collects data about the similarities and differences of the other members. The major task of forming is orientation, where its members become oriented to the group task(s) as well as each other. Discussion is centered on the approach(es), as well as similar concerns about the task(s). The second stage is storming. As the groups members attempt to organize the task(s), conflict is inevitable, due to personal beliefs or ideas. At this stage, members compromise their own beliefs to suit the groups organization. Because of fear of exposure or failure, there will be an increased desire for structural clarification and commitment. Questions concerning leadership and responsibility roles arise during this stage, as well as the reward system and criteria for evaluation. Once these concerns are addressed, the group moves on to the third stage, norming. Norming is characterized by cohesion. At this stage, members are concerned about problem solving and are willing to change preconceived ideas, on the basis of facts which are presented by other members and actively ask questions of one another. During this stage, members begin to identify with one another and acknowledge that the group is working in a unit. This contributes to the development of group cohesion. Assuming that the goal(s) of the three preceding stages are accomplished, the group moves on to stage four, which is performing. At this level, the need for group approval is past and members are capable of working independently, in sub-groups or as total unit with equal facility. Group unity is complete, morale is high and loyalty is intense. There is support in problem-solving and an emphasis on achievement. The final stage, adjourning, involves the termination of tasks and disengagement from relationships. Members are recognized and acknowledged for their contribution, participation and achievement, and are now ready to part company and disintegrate as a single unit. Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory have different assumptions about the nature of groups. Social Identity Theory was developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in 1979 and 3 central ideas; categorization, identification and comparison. In order to understand our social environment, one has to categorize individuals. For example, to classify an individual as a black person is quite vague. However, when the same individual is classified as Jamaican, teacher or Baptist, the individual takes on a clearer meaning. Identification carries two meanings. At times, individuals may refer to themselves as we versus them and at other times I versus him/her. This indicates that there are times when individuals think of themselves as members of a group and times when the individuals think of themselves as a single unit. When individuals refer to themselves as we, the we represents the individuals in-group, or group to which the individual belongs to. When the individual refers to them, the them is the out-group, or group that the individual does not belong to. The final component of Social Identity Theory is social comparison. Individuals need to feel good about them themselves and so in the context of being part of the in-group, the individual seeks to maximize the difference between the in-group and the out-group so that the in-group is always reflected in a more positive light than then out-group. In 1971, Tajfel et al conducted an experiment which they called the Minimal Group Experiment. This experiment was conducted to ascertain whether competition was a necessary condition for ethnocentrism, the belief that ones in-group is superior to ones out-group. The experiment used a group of Bristol school boys as its subjects. These boys were show slide projections with varying numbers of dots. The boys were told that there some people in the group who were under estimators and over estimators of the dots being displayed. The second task involved splitting the boys into two groups, which they were made to think that one group consisted of over estimators and the other group consisted of under estimators. What the boys did not know, was that in actuality, they were selected randomly. The task was to allocate points redeemable for money. What was discovered was that in-group favoritism was displayed even though each boy did not know who the other in-group members were. They still allocated more points to members of the in-group. Even though these same boys were linked in various ways, through sport teams or as neighbors, this did not have any meaning or impact on the way they allocated points and demonstrated in-group bias. A second experiment was conducted to endorse the findings of the preceding experiment. The boys were shown a series of paintings by two artists, Klee and Kadinsky. They were asked to choose their preference and were then divided into two groups. Again, the boys were unaware that the groups were not being divided according to artist preference. Again, the boys demonstrated in-group favoritism by allocating more points to in-group members. Based on these two experiments, Tajfel concluded that indeed, by categorizing the boys into meaningless groups caused blatant discrimination. A more recent display of Social Identity Theory in action is the of the Serbs uniting in solidarity to support their leader Slobodan Milosevic as he went before the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia. While Milosevics policies had contributed to brutal war, economic ruin and widespread corruption, Serbs saw themselves as a group/nation going to trial, instead of Milosevic as an individual on trial. The trial came across as a threat to Serbs as a unit. They could not escape the social identity of being a serb, so the best mechanism they could use was to categorize themselves and distance themselves from the out-group, which are western countries. Realistic Group Conflict Theory is the idea that prejudice sometimes stems from competition between groups for scarce resources. In 1961, Sherif et al, set up the Robbers Cave Experiment. This experiment was a summer camp which consisted of 22 boys from similar backgrounds and family structure, who were all Caucasian. The boys were not acquainted prior to the camp, so they were allowed to get acquainted with each other, by sharing in various activities. The boys were then split into two groups; the Rattlers and the Eagles. Each group independently engaged in their own activities, which led to a more intimate relationship, where they had developed codes, jargon and nicknames. The next stage involved pitting both groups against each other for a prize, to determine what would happen when they came together after bonding with their own in-group. This was done via an organized tournament which included a treasure hunt and a baseball game. By the end of the tournament there was visible hostility as the groups began to call each other names and launched a food fight in the dining room. In a 1949 study, one school of thought for reducing hostility was to introduce a third group, which would represent the common enemy to both groups. This solution was not desirable to Sherif, as he thought it would widen the inter-group conflict to a larger scale. In order to resolve the hostile conflict, Sherif noted that the groups need more than just contact. They needed a series of goals which could only be accomplished when both groups efforts were combined. These goals are termed super ordinate goals. The series involved a water supply crisis, where both groups had to locate the fault by working together. A second goal which was set up is the hiring of a film. The camp had no money to pay for it, however, if both groups combined their financial resources they would be able to rent the film for the benefit of all. The third challenge was towing a broken down food truck together, using a rope they had used previously in a tug-of-war game, to get the truck started. The realization of success from working together gradually reduced conflict to the point where the boys became friends, from these experiences. This experiment supports that the use of super ordinate goals, which means that both groups share the same agenda of accomplishing a specific goal together, can reduce conflict. While both theories seek to reduce group conflict, Social Identity Theory leans towards a cognitive approach of in-group bias. If group members believe that they are in a group with others who share similar identities and goals, then bias towards in-group members exist. The reward does not have to be a physical one, as the aim is towards achieving high self-esteem. Group members will do all possible to preserve their superiority so that their self-esteem will always be high. Through re-categorizing individuals, prejudice and conflict may be reduced, as individuals tend to categorize in reference to self. This would mean that each time a group is re-categorized, individuals would be identifying with each group he/she is being classified with, hence reducing out-group discrimination since the individual would be identifying with others at different times. Realistic Group Conflict Theory leans towards a behavioral approach to conflict resolution, as demonstrated in the Robbers Cave Experiment. Initially, it was a case of survival of the fittest as they groups clamored for the scarce resource (tournament prize). However, through their collective actions, they were able to pool physical and financial resources to benefit both groups. It is through series behavioral actions that both groups realized they could accomplish the super ordinate goals set before them. Another difference between Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory is that Social Identity Theory places an emphasis on social competition, which has more to do with pride and self-esteem, while Realistic Group Conflict Theory uses objective competition which is vying for an object of social reality.

Free Essays on Parthenons Masterpieces

Greek art held many terrific pieces of art found in many structures with many different styles, but some of the greatest art could be found in the Parthenon. The Parthenon withheld many great metopes, friezes, and pediments that were all magnificent art with intriguing stories. The metope of the Lapith verses the centaur, the frieze showing the Panathenaic Festival, and the pediment that presents the three goddesses; narrate their individual stories in many ways. The metope on the south side of the Parthenon depicts a battle between a Lapith and a centaur. It shows a Lapith rising up on its back legs after striking a centaur to the ground. This tells us the story of how the Lapiths and the centaurs had contentions in which the Lapiths probably triumphed on more occasions. The sculptor knew how to distinguish the vibrant, powerful form of the living beast from the lifeless corpse on the ground. He illustrates how the Lapith screams victory by rising on its hind legs and stands directly over the centaur as if it had just risen from striking him down. This decoration in the Parthenon would show how the Greeks could have experienced losses as well as victorious from heated battle. The metope would create a fierce example of war and competition within the Parthenon. Another significant work inside of the Parthenon was the frieze detailing the Panathenaic Festival. This Ionic inner frieze has many parts to it but on the east it illustrates a group of gods and goddesses who are spectators of the festival. This part of the frieze is significant by showing that the gods were invited to the festival and their importance might be shown by the way that they are seated while the other spectators are standing. The gods seem to be extremely casual, discussing the events to each other and pointing as they observe. The artist must have shown these gods in an enjoyable, relaxed setting to show their importance. It is similar to a king a... Free Essays on Parthenon's Masterpieces Free Essays on Parthenon's Masterpieces Greek art held many terrific pieces of art found in many structures with many different styles, but some of the greatest art could be found in the Parthenon. The Parthenon withheld many great metopes, friezes, and pediments that were all magnificent art with intriguing stories. The metope of the Lapith verses the centaur, the frieze showing the Panathenaic Festival, and the pediment that presents the three goddesses; narrate their individual stories in many ways. The metope on the south side of the Parthenon depicts a battle between a Lapith and a centaur. It shows a Lapith rising up on its back legs after striking a centaur to the ground. This tells us the story of how the Lapiths and the centaurs had contentions in which the Lapiths probably triumphed on more occasions. The sculptor knew how to distinguish the vibrant, powerful form of the living beast from the lifeless corpse on the ground. He illustrates how the Lapith screams victory by rising on its hind legs and stands directly over the centaur as if it had just risen from striking him down. This decoration in the Parthenon would show how the Greeks could have experienced losses as well as victorious from heated battle. The metope would create a fierce example of war and competition within the Parthenon. Another significant work inside of the Parthenon was the frieze detailing the Panathenaic Festival. This Ionic inner frieze has many parts to it but on the east it illustrates a group of gods and goddesses who are spectators of the festival. This part of the frieze is significant by showing that the gods were invited to the festival and their importance might be shown by the way that they are seated while the other spectators are standing. The gods seem to be extremely casual, discussing the events to each other and pointing as they observe. The artist must have shown these gods in an enjoyable, relaxed setting to show their importance. It is similar to a king a...

Strategic Management in Barclays Bank Case Study

Strategic Management in Barclays Bank - Case Study Example The term future here implies a minimum of 20-years, implying the importance of long term thinking of where the firm wants to be. Mission: Hill (2006) states that a mission statement is rather the short term spot that the firm aims to achieve in the time of few years, generally a 5-year plan. Mission statement is generally derived from the vision, and is also assumed as a subset of the same. Goals & Objectives: Hunger (2006) states that goals and objectives are the further derived version, generally obtained from the mission statement defining the milestones that would ultimately lead to the achievement of mission. Corporate Strategy: Corporate strategy is defined by Lamb (1984) as the overall strategy of a diversified firm that is indulged in various businesses, and aims at creating synergy amongst all, moving ultimately towards the organizational vision. In accordance with Peterson (2006), the relationship between these six elements is fairly simple; Vision is the ultimate aim of the organization, around 20 years down the road, so to speak. Mission is the subset of vision, defining where the firm needs to be 5 years down the road, to achieve the vision in 15 years from then, and the goals and objectives are further short term in nature like annualized aims for a firm. Business strategy, at the same time, is the strategy that a single standalone unit deploys, while functional strategy is the grounds level strategy. This implies a strong relationship present amongst the 6 variables. For example, the vision of my organization is to be the market leader and be the first consumer preferred brand in the respective industry. Their mission is to attain a 20% market share by the end of the year 2012; this mission was established two years back and is expected to be revised. The goals and objectives are mainly to achieve customer satisfaction and provide the best quality of products and services. We only have a single unit operating to the business strategy is the corporate strategy i.e. product differentiation i.e. providing differentiated product for a price elastic consumer market. The functional policy is to retain good and competitive human resource that can lead the way for customer satisfaction. If critically analyzed, the sentences here clearly illustrate their inter connection with each other also showing how well these elements need to be tied up. Another example can be given of Barclays; their vision is to build a world-class organization - highly subjective in approach and very broad statement, capable of churning up any progress that they make towards becoming great. Their mission is to be innovative and customer-centric organization, contributing to people, their careers, and their lives.

Ikea Global Sourcing Challenges Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ikea Global Sourcing Challenges - Case Study Example As the discussion stresses if the child labor evidence being utilized at Rangan Exports is precise, the supplier is in direct infringement of IKEA's clause of no child labor. Barner has two clear option decisions in managing this circumstance. In the first place, she can end the contract with the supplier in light of their rupture of the no child labor procurement. This option is legitimate and reliable with. The potential disservice of this option is that it may deny IKEA of a lucrative supplier relationship, and it might briefly slice off access to Indian floor covering sources. In that capacity, it might antagonistically effect IKEA's main concern. Barner's other alternative is to give the supplier a "notice" however look after relations, with the admonition that the supplier quit utilizing child laborers. This would have the upside of keeping up a conceivably lucrative supplier relationship.This paper highlights that  it would likewise give IKEA the chance to "instruct" supplie rs about the perils of child labor. On the drawback, this activity would be in spite of IKEA's set up policies. It could make an impression on different suppliers that IKEA may furtively excuse child labor while straightforwardly censoring it.  Neglecting to do as such would send the wrong message to different suppliers, expanding their dealing power, and damages IKEA's particular policies. Besides, it leaves IKEA open to charges of exploitative conduct.