African Americans and Medicine from Slavery to Modern Times Free Essays

string(68) " and obstetrics as well as child delivery were taught with dummies\." African Americans and Medicine: From Slavery to Modern Times Imagine being sick, but never going to a doctor because you knew they would do bad things to you, make you sicker, or even kill you. When we see doctors, we are trusting them to make the best decisions to help us. However, there was a time when doctors committed the most heinous acts against those who needed them. We will write a custom essay sample on African Americans and Medicine: from Slavery to Modern Times or any similar topic only for you Order Now African American’s have been used for unethical studies and cases since the time of slavery. Some were used against their will, while others were taken advantage of by the people who were supposed to take care of them. The earlier cases of this inhumane treatment were scarcely documented, but through tales and word of mouth were passed from generation to generation. African Americans never forgot what happened to their ancestors or what could still possibly happen to them and as a result lead to the mentality that they should stay away from hospitals and doctors, furthermore creating a culture of fear surrounding institutional medicine. Unfair treatment of African Americans started during the time of slavery. In Slavery and Medicine: Enslavement and Medical Practices in Antebellum Louisiana, author Katherine Bankole describes the mentality of whites and white slave owners which dictated the treatment of slaves medically. Bankole says, â€Å"The three main areas of enslavement and medicine in the antebellum period are: theory, management, and experimentation† (Bankole 8), doctors theorized that the biology of Africans was innately inferior to that of the white race. The second area, management, involved â€Å"general health, disease, diet/nutrition, clothing, mortality, and the medical costs incurred by slaveowners. † (Bankole 8) Medical management was the most important factor that determined the success of a slave owners land. The healthier a slave was, the more he could work and produce a profit for the slave owner. This meant health care was provided at a lower cost to those who owned slaves. Through this management came the development of medical and scientific journals as well as pamphlets and almanacs. The last area discussed was experimentation. Records show documented cases of surgeries and experimental treatment and procedures. The cases show how doctors built their careers using slaves as their subjects. Slaves were used in painful surgeries against their will. Consent only needed to be given by the slave owner. A slave could receive treatment if the slave owner found it cost effective to the value of the slave. Bankole also notes, â€Å"Often slave owners equate the care they provided to enslaved Africans to the care provided to horses or other farm/plantation animals†(Bankole 28). Although it is not completely certain how slaves felt about their medical treatment, due to the fact no documentation was taken from them on this subject, through stories and folklore there is an indication that â€Å"some Africans expressed a significant fear of doctors and hospitals† (Bankole 20) . The legends indicate stories of Night Doctors, who were said to have paid slaves to dig up newly buried bodies. African Americans played the largest role in medical advancements. In The Use of Blacks for Medical Experimentation and Demonstration in the Old South, Todd Savitt explains how â€Å"southern white medical educators and researchers relied greatly on the availability of Negro patients for various purposes. Black bodies often found their way to dissecting tables, operating amphitheatres, classroom or beside demonstrations, and experimental facilities. † (Savitt 331). Though poor whites as well as European immigrants were plentiful in the northern cities of the south, blacks were easier targets because they were a voiceless people in a racially divided society. During this time bodies were greatly needed for teaching purposes. â€Å"Students had to learn anatomy, recognize and diagnose diseases, and treat conditions requiring surgery; researchers had to try out their ideas and new techniques; and practitioners had to perform autopsies to confirm their diagnoses to understand the effects of diseases on the human body. † (Savitt 332). When the French school of hospital medicine reached America in the early 19th century, the need for human specimens became more necessary, so medical schools wanted to meet these demands for their student’s education. Colleges opened clinics as well as infirmaries to further assist students. Since most patients did not want to participate in studies, these institutions became reliant on poor and enslaved citizens. Savitt goes on to say, â€Å"Neither whites nor blacks held hospitals in high esteem during the antebellum period. Not only did patients object to having medical students and doctors touching and poking them and discussing their illnesses and the merits or problems of particular modes of treatment in their presence, but they also feared that experiments might be performed on them and that they would be permitted to so autopsies could be undertaken. (Savitt 336). References of night doctors are again seen here where Savitt notes, â€Å"Black fear of medical schools and dissection inevitably carried over into the postbellum period, when whites, as a mean of maintaining control over freedmen, reinforced the idea of ‘night doctors’ who stole, killed, and then dissected blacksà ¢â‚¬  (Savitt 340). My final thought from Savitt comes from Southern medical schools boasting about their large supplies of blacks for study material. Even after their schooling, white physicians maintained the idea of the usefulness of African Americans. African Americans continued to be used for new techniques or treatments, and doctors did not fear consequences as long as death or permanent injury did not result. â€Å"Blacks, therefore, did have reason for fearing misuse at the hands of southern white physicians. † (Savitt 341). Much advancement was made in medicine as a result of experimentation. Certain doctors received their fame off the unethical treatments of slaves and African American patients. Dr. J. Marion Sims was an American surgeon who became credited with developing the area of gynecology, and has even been called, â€Å"The Father of Gynecology. Sims used enslaved women to try to discover a cure for the disease vesico-vaginal fistula. During Sims time, the practice of gynecology did not exist and obstetrics as well as child delivery were taught with dummies. You read "African Americans and Medicine: from Slavery to Modern Times" in category "Essay examples" Because enslaved women were poor, and lacked proper nutrition as well as prenatal care, they were at higher risk for developing VVF. After Sims graduated he became interested in surgery and began conducting experiments on enslaved women which resulted in the perfection of a certain surgical technique to repair the fistula. This was not Sims initial objective, but after looking after a patient one day who had fallen from a horse and had pain her pelvic area he discovered a way to better see inside the vagina which made him feel more confident in his ability to perform surgery on women with VVF. Sims used 7 enslaved women as his subjects so their consent was not necessary. His first patient was a woman named Lucy, and Sims was so sure he had discovered the proper technique for surgery he invited local doctors to come watch the surgery. Lucy had to stay in a position where she was on her knees and elbows with everyone watching, and she was not given anesthetics. Lucy was in horrible pain during and after the surgery and nearly lost her life from a blood infection she developed as a result of Sims’ experimentation. It took Sims four years to finally perfect his surgery and cure women of this disease. His first success was on a woman named Anarcha who had already received thirteen operations, all without the use of anesthetics. White women began coming to Sims after they heard of his success, but none of them could endure the pain of surgery. Among the list of unethical experiments done to African Americans, one of the most famous was the Tuskegee Study. Syphilis was a huge concern during the 1930’s in America, but not much was known at the time of the effects of advanced syphilis. The study was conducted by investigators from the United States Public Health Service on 400 African American men from Macon County, Alabama. The study was meant to last from six months to a year, but the investigators knew that the most important information would come only after the men were dead. In Experimentation on Human Beings, Susan Lederer describes the men used for the study: â€Å"The men recruited into this study were impoverished individuals; many had never seen a doctor in their entire lives† (Lederer 21). The investigators would deceive the men by offering free treatment and perform spinal punctures collecting fluid, telling them this was a treatment for the condition. The investigators wanted to make sure the men would go on not receiving treatment so they would keep them from being enlisted in military service, during World War II, because once in the military they would receive mandatory syphilis treatment. The Center for Disease control held a meeting in 1969 to discuss whether the study should continue or not. Only one professor protested the study saying the men should be receiving treatment. It was only three years later when reports of the study flooded through American media, and Americans were shocked and disgusted in the governments treatment of these vulnerable subjects that the study was closed in 1972. In light of the study as well as other unethical studies at that time, Congress adopted the National Research Act in 1974. This act required that the people must give a written consent before partaking in studies. Given the history of medical experimentation of African Americans, one is left to wonder if it has had an effect on the modern day perspective of the African American and medicine. A study conducted in 2006 by doctors, Elizabeth Jacobs, Italia Rolle, Carol Estwing Ferrans, Eric Whitaker, and Richard Warnecke, to see what trust or distrust of physicians means to African Americans. They found that the African Americans they tested had more trust based on the â€Å"interpersonal and technical competence of physicians. † While distrust stemmed from â€Å"lack of interpersonal and technical competence, perceived quest for profit and expectations of racism and experimentation during routine provision of health care. If patients felt their physician was untrustworthy they would either keep information to themselves or lie about their medical history, change doctors, or even refuse to seek medical care. Multiple studies have shown that African Americans are more likely to distrust physicians than Caucasian Americans. One of the female patients in the study was quoted saying, â€Å"Over my period of time dealing with the medical field, I know that you do need a hell of a lot of trust in the physicians or the medical field and the institutions. The patient goes on to say, â€Å"But I don’t know how most people are, but it reminds me of the Tuskegee Institute where they messed around and they made the brothers have the disease instead of treating them they just wanted to see how it was going to affect them. So maybe sometimes you go instead of getting treated they just want to see what it’s going to do to you and they’ll try this and try that and they may give you a sugar pill. Because it’s not like they haven’t seen anyone dead before so the only time they get affected [by dead people] is when it’s personal. So that’s why a lot of people have mistrust. (Jacobs et al) Although there have been great medical discoveries made over the last two centuries in American medicine, the cost of these discoveries has been paid by the lives of individuals who were or deceived into partaking in these expe riments. As a result, centuries later, there is still concern as to whether or not physicians are to be trusted to ethically perform their duties on patients. We owe so much of what has been established in the field of medicine to the slaves in America. Their pain and suffering paved the road to medical advancements, and their sacrifices need to be recognized as well as praised. How to cite African Americans and Medicine: from Slavery to Modern Times, Essay examples

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Essay Samples for Gifted Program

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Essay Samples for Gifted Program You may use the samples as a foundation for working out how to write in the appropriate style. In order to ascertain the efficacy of gifted education programs it's vital to determine both the direct results on program participants, in addition to any indirect results on nonparticipants. In addition to such characteristics, gifted learners ought to be taught extremely fast. Gifted and Talented programs and schools have become ever more popular across the usa. Order top-notch essay at this time and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at affordable price. Work for individual satisfaction. Youll need a strong argument if you wish to get a person to agree with your opinion when you compose an essay. Moreover, our editors work round the clock to make sure any paper we deliver is perfect and with no flaws. Whenever you have so many topics to speak about , choose what you're passionate about and it's going to be super-easy that you develop a considerable argument for it. You may also receive any nurse essay example which you must elevate your writing. As with other essays, people frequently discover that it's challenging to choose a topic particularly when the instructor asks students to produce their own topics. There are myriad online services that one may easily find completely free papers like term papers, professionally written dissertations or school essays. If you're to really gain from model essays, you want to understand how to read the techniques of the writer'. Aside from the true procedure for formulating an essay, there are likewise some requisite steps for the entire essay writing process to be a success. Our writers know just the best way to cascade the ideal essay inside this discipline for you. Our experienced writers have seen the methods by which admissions essays have changed over recent years. An essay is a lot more than merely a terrific thesis statement, a couple paragraphs in its entire body and a conclusion. A brief answer essay provides the college a handy window into the applicant's interests. The previous sentence provides the response to the essay question. The topic sentence is typically the very first sentence in a paragraph. There are a lot of healthy means of coping. Breaking down instructions individually is vitally important because it is helpful to identify what type of student you're handling. St udents face a lot of relationship problems. Or There are several adult books that are acceptable for kids. They were my main concern as I knew they could be easily knocked down on crosswalks. They sometimes confuse the two words. To begin with, gifted children have the capability to understand concepts very fast hence they learn very fast. Essay Samples for Gifted Program Secrets Thus, when you have an opportunity to take part in such program, do not miss it. In case you have any questions, you can get in touch with our friendly support team night and day and get immediate assistance. Explain what it is that you are likely to learn from your visit. Do what you can to sound enthusiastic concerning the student exchange program you are likely to take part in. Don't be concerned too much regarding the detailsjust give an overall overview. To apply you must finish a 400600 word essay as well as the frequent application and application supplement needed by the office of underg raduate admission. Our interactive on-line interface is user friendly, child-friendly, and readily accessible. When you place content on the internet you're speaking as an expert on the topic. Finding the Best Essay Samples for Gifted Program Another very important quality of a very good manager is humility as it depicts how they understand and assess the scenario. Therefore, it's considered that great managers are effective leaders. In the duration of delivering, organizational or group's activities, a great manager has to exercise a high degree of control and motivation for all of the participants involved. When leading, a superior manager should develop decent rapport with fellow colleagues as a way to motivate them in the appropriate direction. For these reasons, ordering from our service is the most dependable and effective way for the one to receive a completely free essay sample done in a short moment. The writers in our service are trying their very best to make sur e the client is totally pleased with the work delivered to them. The irony is that several of the costly advertising plans wind up on a shelf and rarely get implemented. You don't have to be worried about papers being downloaded on the internet and being passed off as original whenever your work with our services.

Creative Writing Prompts For College Students

Creative Writing Prompts For College StudentsStudents who are planning to enter college or university need to consider creative writing prompts for college students. The best way to overcome the disadvantages of writing for a publication is to become familiar with the various guidelines that accompany publications and deadlines. By using creative writing prompts for college students, the writer can get some ideas for his publication and formulate a better plan.When you are creating an interesting article, be sure to include a title that will get your reader's attention. But in order to be interesting, your article should be structured properly. You have to be sure that the article you are going to write will be able to fit the guidelines that surround all writing journals and publications. Be sure to avoid using silly, silly themes as these will not be accepted.Every writing magazine has a different approach and different requirements for submissions, but most of them require student s to send their submissions to deadlines. The deadline varies depending on the publication, but most require submissions to be sent within a week or two of their acceptance. Most magazines have very strict requirements and the standards for writing. But all of these journals require writers to write fresh and relevant material, so students have to be sure they will be able to handle such a challenge.Another way to improve your writing skills is to try and write something that you have not written before. Try and imagine how your article would sound if you were to write it in an original way. If you can come up with something that you have not written before, you can make your article more appealing to other editors and publications. This will help you get a lot of feedback that can lead to improved work and allow you to gain confidence and trust in your writing.Colleges and universities are full of students, so in order to make them understand what you have to offer, you should writ e down a clear description of what your publication is going to be about. You can also include examples of what the publication is like, so the student will know what to expect when he or she comes to read your article. Students have different approaches to submitting articles, but this does not mean that you have to use a different method than the rest.It is also helpful to include a summary of what your writing project is going to be, so your prospective clients will know exactly what they are getting. Even if you do not plan to submit your article directly to a college or university, you can still come up with a list of publications that you want to submit to. In fact, one of the best things about writing prompts for college students is that you can include all of your potential sources for submissions.These journals and publications may have different templates for their publications, so you may not have to try and adapt your article too much. Even if the template may be similar , the main theme may not be. Sometimes the template is customized for certain publications, so you will have to check to see if you have the option of trying a different template.By incorporating creative writing prompts for college students into your writing, you will have to be prepared to work hard and be prepared to become familiar with the idea behind creative writing. This is why you should have an idea of what you are going to be writing, and why you are going to be writing it. You have to be sure that you are making a unique contribution and telling a story that you have not told before.

Important Points You Need to Remember in Writing Research Papers

Important Points You Need to Remember in Writing Research PapersThere are many research papers related to marine biology. Some research papers are meant for undergraduate students, others for graduate students. There are also research papers that are meant for professionals who are already in the marine industry. For all of these reasons, it is imperative that you study the key points of a research paper to ensure that you master the important issues in your field.A good research paper is an object lesson in an area you are studying. While studying, make sure that you remember the crucial points regarding your subject. You should be able to examine each and every factor that is relevant to your topic. Once you gain enough experience, you can continue on to write a longer and better research paper.A research paper is not supposed to cover all the information in the field you are studying. To succeed, it is important that you narrow down your scope to your area of study. By doing so, y ou can write more concise and effective research papers.During the writing of a research paper, you should keep a few things in mind. The first is to analyze the available resources available to you. By doing so, you will know how to write effectively about your topic. One of the most important areas to keep in mind when you study is data analysis.The next essential part of a research paper is to cover all the important issues. They range from literature citations to primary and secondary sources. It is crucial that you do not miss any important points. When you are writing a research paper, do not forget to ask as many questions as possible. This will help you avoid ambiguity and error.Finally, if you are an expert on a specific issue, you should provide comprehensive information in your research paper. By making the task of writing the research paper easier, you can include everything necessary to write a credible and comprehensive report. In this way, you can be sure that you do not miss any points. Once again, this will help you write more accurate research papers.As you study, make sure that you remember the important points in your research paper. By doing so, you can also complete your studies faster. Take note that you need to apply all the ideas that you have learnt in writing your research paper.

Essay Sample - How to Create Your Own

Essay Sample - How to Create Your OwnThere are thousands of internet sites where you can find available free MSLM lesson online, but most of these sites offer MALA lesson formats or MALA file formats for display. These files are important because they help to present your writing in the best possible way. These are basically just pre-written essays that you can copy and paste on your website or blog for review and feedback. There are also some online websites that offer lesson packs so that you can download them to use as personal reference materials to help you with your writing.No, one would want to use essay samples that they have bought from a bookstore or from the internet. When you first decide to start writing your own essays you will need practice to get used to writing something of your own. It is best if you can edit your work as much as possible before you send it to the publisher to make sure that it is grammatically correct.Once you are confident that you have mastered t he basics of MSLM lesson writing you will be able to move on to essay samples that are based on an essay format. These samples will not allow you to copy and paste the original content, but they will still be helpful in getting you started with your writing. Once you are ready to start submitting your essay samples to publishers, you can begin by first looking for a publisher.There are a number of ways to get a free online sample but if you really want to get the most out of the experience then you should join a membership site. You will usually receive access to a whole database of sample essays on various subjects.Membership sites will allow you to write, revise and send your samples directly to publishers. The reason that these sites charge membership fees is that the publishers will offer you more samples if you sign up for a monthly or yearly fee. Of course you can also submit your sample to publications and internet sites that offer free essay samples and there are some specia l websites that provide essay samples to customers for a small fee.If you are lucky enough to find a publisher who will publish your sample essays then you can earn money from them. However, if you are not lucky and you are not able to find a publisher you can either use the samples that you have created or you can create your own samples that are based on the samples from the publisher that you can submit to.One of the things that you should remember is that you need to write a personal essay before you can submit it to the publisher. Remember that your topic must be original and you cannot copy and paste the contents from other sites.

Thomas PaineS Common Sense Essays - American Revolution, Pamphlets

Thomas Paine'S Common Sense In Thomas Paines Common Sense, there are some similarities and differences in the tone as compared to Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence. Paines approach to his work contrasts that of Jeffersons. However, they still use the same basic techniques to making their feelings known, which include examining the problem, giving reasons for why it is a problem, and offering their opinion on the solution. Jeffersons and Paines difference in their tone is evident when examining who they are addressing the documents to, the overall layout of their documents, and the relative importance of the documents. Thomas Paine constructs Common Sense as an editorial on the subject of the relationship between the Colonies and Great Britain. Through the paper, he hopes to educate his fellow Americans about this subject. In his introduction, he says he feels that there is a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong which gives it a superficial appearance of being right (693). He is alluding to the relationship, also calling it a violent abuse of power (693). This choice of words is similar to those of Jefferson, who asserts that the king had established an absolute tyranny over the states. Both men set an immediate understanding about their feelings towards the rule of Great Britain over the States. However, where Common Sense seems to be an opinionated essay, Thomas Jefferson writes somewhat of a call to battle. Paine generally seems to be alerting his readers to the fact that there is more going on than they are aware of. Jefferson, on the other hand, begins his declaration by stating, When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another (715). Unlike Paine, this seems to presuppose that readers are aware of the plight of the nation, and Jefferson is announcing that the time has come to take a stand. The main part of Common Sense contrasts in concept with the majority of the Decl aration of Independence. Jefferson takes a rather rough approach to his writing style, deciding to introduce his ideas in the beginning few paragraphs, then proceeding to list his grievances in the bulk of the piece. Paine however, presents his ideas in more of a persuasive essay style. By providing his readers with more of a storytelling format, he is able to bring them up to date with what is happening, as he does with such paragraph introductions such as It hath lately been asserted in Parliament (695) and But Britain is the parent country, say some (695). These phrases communicate to the reader what has been going on, and allows Paine to give his audience a background that will allow them understanding of his propositions. Jefferson simply lists one by one, all of his charges against the king. It assumes your knowledge of events leading up to his document; if not, then you have only his facts to rely on. One of the obvious reasons for the difference in tone between these two wri ters however, can simply be the situation in which both pieces of writing were constructed. This is evident even from the heading of Paines third chapter, Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs. The word thoughts can infer that what follows is simply one mans conception on how things are and how they should be; that they may not necessarily reflect the true views of one nation. In fact, Paine says this in his introductory paragraph, by disclaiming that perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages are not yet sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favor (693). By this, he obviously means that his word may not speak for all. In contrast, the Declaration of Independence is a bold and assertive document. Jefferson states that We hold these truths to be self-evident (715) and goes on to list the rights he feels the States are denied by being in allegiance with Britain. By using we, he implies reference to all the people of the States. In reality, he probab ly only meant wealthy white men, but the insinuation is that he is the voice of the people. Additionally, to conclude

The Role of Personality in Job Satisfaction

The Role of Personality in Job Satisfaction There is a conventional belief that the performance of an employee depends on the level of job satisfaction. It is common knowledge that employees who have job satisfaction will give a great performance as well as enjoy their work. Job satisfaction also depends on a number of factors like employee personality. From this it can be seen that all these factors are dependent on each other.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Personality in Job Satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A lot research effort have been directed at finding out the relationship between job satisfaction and performance but the factors that lead to job satisfaction have not been deeply explored. Recent studies have shown that the individual personality of an employee plays a key role in determining the level of their job satisfaction. This paper will look at the role of employee personality in job satisfaction and the various employ ee personalities that are suitable in a crisis. Despite the strong relationship between satisfaction and performance, it has been proved that job satisfaction alone does not necessarily improve performance. A combination of strong positive personalities with job satisfaction will definitely lead to maximum performance by the employee. Employee personality is key to both job satisfaction and high performance. Personality is a collection of the characters and qualities within an individual that make them distinctive. A negative personality will always affect the work environment in a negative manner. For job satisfaction to be achieved, the work environment must be at its best. A positive personality will always make the working environment look positive. There is no doubt that the individual attributes of a person can greatly influence the general operation of the company. Employees with a creative personality will help change the old and redundant systems by creating new systems tha t are relevant and easy to work with. This satisfies the creator and the rest of he employees in the organization. On the hand, these creative people can bring confusion and chaos in the working environment if their talents are not complemented with a balanced personality. Those employees with good organizational skills help in bringing stability and order in the organization. Stability and organization are vital in achieving job satisfaction. When creativity lacks in a work environment, new idea that can bring job satisfaction are suppressed thus eliminating any possibility of change. A dynamic and flexible working environment is key to attaining job satisfaction.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees with a sage personality are also the most satisfied. Employees with a sage personality are good communication skills and job enjoyment. These are the kind of emp loyees who are good at speaking, writing and have exceptional body language to accompany that. Employees with this type of personality naturally have fun and enjoy everything they do. This lively atmosphere is automatically passed down to other employees. Their excellent communication skills enable them to freely share their feeling and ideas. Communication is important in achieving job satisfaction and employees with a sage personality will always seem satisfied even if the rest are not. Although these personalities directly affect the level of job satisfaction, some people argue that it depends on the type of work being done. There are some jobs that do not necessarily need some personalities. An employee who is open to experience will attempt new ides that can improve his or her satisfaction and performance. In a work environment, a crisis is bound to arise at some point. In times a crisis, special and positive personalities are needed to effectively deal with the crisis. To begi n with, dealing with a crisis needs creative minds. People with a creative personality will be in a better position come up with quick solutions to solve the problem. Some problems require a quick fixing and if creative and sharp people are not around, the situation may become worse. A caring personality is needed in times of a crisis. Crisis management is almost impossible if people with caring and supportive personalities are not available. Employees who care for their company and fellow employees will do their best to solve any problem that can bring the organization down. Instead of being absorbed in the blame game, they will focus on the crisis at hand as they try by all means to look for a solution. Teamwork is also vital in dealing with a crisis. In conclusion, the personality of employees plays a major role in job satisfaction. Individual attributes and character will always determine if the employee will be satisfied or not. Positive personalities will influence the level o f individual and collective job satisfaction in the organization. Different personalities are needed in different types of jobs as some personalities will not necessarily bring satisfaction to employees doing a particular job. There are other special personalities needed when an organization faces a crisis. Effective crisis management in an organization can only be possible if the management and employees have strong positive personalities to deal with the crisis. Employees with teamwork will solve a problem affecting the organization in the shortest time possible compared to those without teamwork.